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Small size does not restrain frugivory and seed dispersal across the evolutionary radiation of Galapagos lava lizards

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Current Zoology 2019年第4期65卷 353-361页

作者： Sandra HERVIAS-PAREJO Ruben HELENO Beatriz RUMEU Beatriz GUZMAN Pablo VARGAS Jens M. OLESEN Anna TRAVESET Carlos VERA Edgar BENAVIDES Manuel NOGALES Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avanqats (CSIC-UIB) Global Change Research Group Mallorca Balearic Islands Spain Centre for Functional Ecology Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Portugal Real Jardin Botanico (CSIC-RJB) Madrid Spain Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Denmark Galapagos National Park Puerto Ayora Santa Cruz Galapagos Ecuador Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University USA lnstituto de Productos Naturales Agrobiologia (CSIC-IPNA) Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group Canary Islands Spain

Frugivory in lizards is often assumed to be constrained by body size;only large individuals are considered capable of consuming fruits, with the potential of acting as seed dispersers. However, only one previous study has tested the correlation of frugivory with body and head size at an archipelago scale across closely related species. All nine lava lizards (Microlophus spp.) were studied on the eleven largest Galapagos islands from 2010 to 2016 to investigate whether frugivory is related to body and head size. We also tested whether fruit abunda nee in flue nces fruit con sumption and explored the effect of seed ingestion on seedling emergence time and percentage. Our results showed that across islands, lava lizards varied considerably in size (64-102 mm in mean snoutvent length) and level of frugivory (1-23%, i.e., percentage of droppings with seeds). However, level of frugivory was only weakly affected by size as fruit consumption was also common among small lizards. Lava lizards consumed fruits throughout the year and factors other than fruit abundance may be more importa nt drivers of fruit selecti on (e.g., fruit size, energy con tent of pulp). From 2,530 droppings, 1,714 seeds of at least 61 plant species were identified, 76% of the species being native to the Galapagos. Most seeds (91%) showed no external structural damage. Seedling emergence time (44 versus 118 days) and percentage (20% versus 12%) were enhanced for lizardingested seeds compared to control (uningested) fruits. De-pulping by lizards (i.e., removal of pulp with potential germi nation inhibitors) might in crease the chances that at least some seeds find suitable recruitment conditi ons. We con eluded that lizards are importa nt seed dispersers throughout the year and across the whole archipelago, regardless of body size.

关键词： Microlophus oceanic islands plant-animal interactions seed disperser size seed dispersal effectiveness seedling emergence

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Combined Effects of Temperature and Nutrient Availability on Growth and Phlorotannin Concentration of the Brown Alga <i>Sargassum patens</i>(Fucales;Phaeophyceae)

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American Journal of plant Sciences 2013年第12期4卷 14-20页

作者： Hikaru Endo Kentaro Suehiro Junji Kinoshita Xu Gao Yukio Agatsuma Graduate School of Agricultural Science Tohoku University Sendai Ja-pan

Global warming is predicted to affect plant-herbivore interactions. However, little is known about the effects of temperature on marine plant secondary chemistry and how these effects may impact plant-herbivore interactions. As marine macroalgae can become physiologically stressed due to warm water temperatures and nutrient-poor conditions during summer, we conducted a culture experiment to test the combined effects of temperature (10°C, 20°C, 30°C) and nutrient availability (seawater enriched with 25% PESI medium and non-enriched seawater) on relative growth rate (RGR) and concentration of phlorotannins (i.e., defensive compounds) in the upper and lower parts of shoots of the brown alga Sargassum patens. RGR was affected by temperature but not by nutrient availability. Phlorotannnin concentration was affected by nutrient availability but not by temperature, although there was a significant interaction between temperature and part of the shoots. Correlations between RGR and phlorotannin concentration were significant for the upper part of the shoots but not for the lower part. These correlations were slightly positive in the nutrient-enriched medium but negative in the non-enriched medium. These results suggest that temperature affects phlorotannin concentration of S. patens indirectly via changes in the growth rate and that its effect depends on the part of the shoot and nutrient availability.

关键词： Climate Change plant-animal Interaction Anti-Herbivore Defense Secondary Metabolite Habitat-Forming Macroalga

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