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Global multifaceted biodiversity patterns,centers,and conservation needs in angiosperms

Science China(Life Sciences) 2024年第4期67卷 817-828页

作者： Ao Luo Yaoqi Li Nawal Shrestha Xiaoting Xu Xiangyan Su Yichao Li Tong Lyu Kilara Waris Zhiyao Tang Xiaojuan Liu Luxiang Lin Yongsheng Chen Kuiling Zu Wenqi Song Shijia Peng Niklaus E.Zimmermann Loïc Pellissier Zhiheng Wang Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education College of Urban and Environmental SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Department of Health and Environmental Sciences Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool UniversitySuzhou 215123China State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems College of EcologyLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengdu 610065China Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center Ministry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100035China State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100093China CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201China Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf 8903Switzerland Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH ZürichZürich 8092Switzerland

The Convention on Biological Diversity seeks to conserve at least 30%of global land and water areas by 2030,which is a challenge but also an opportunity to better preserve biodiversity,including flowering plants(angiosperms).Herein,we compiled a large database on distributions of over 300,000 angiosperm species and the key functional traits of 67,024 species.Using this database,we constructed biodiversity-environment models to predict global patterns of taxonomic,phylogenetic,and functional diversity in terrestrial angiosperms and provide a comprehensive mapping of the three diversity facets.We further evaluated the current protection status of the biodiversity centers of these diversity facets.Our results showed that geographical patterns of the three facets of plant diversity exhibited substantial spatial mismatches and nonoverlapping conservation priorities.Idiosyncratic centers of functional diversity,particularly of herbaceous species,were primarily distributed in temperate regions and under weaker protection compared with other biodiversity centers of taxonomic and phylogenetic facets.Our global assessment of multifaceted biodiversity patterns and centers highlights the insufficiency and unbalanced conservation among the three diversity facets and the two growth forms(woody vs.herbaceous),thus providing directions for guiding the future conservation of global plant diversity.

关键词： angiosperms species richness phylogenetic diversity functional diversity plant traits woody species herbaceous species

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Changes in individual plant traits and biomass allocation in alpine meadow with elevation variation on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2010年第9期53卷 1142-1151页

作者： MA WeiLing SHI PeiLi LI WenHua HE YongTao ZHANG XianZhou SHEN ZhenXi CHAI SiYue Lhasa National Ecological Research Station Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and ModelingInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

plant traits and individual plant biomass allocation of 57 perennial herbaceous species,belonging to three common functional groups (forbs,grasses and sedges) at subalpine (3700 m ASL),alpine (4300 m ASL) and subnival (≥5000 m ASL) sites were examined to test the hypothesis that at high altitudes,plants reduce the proportion of aboveground parts and allocate more biomass to belowground parts,especially storage organs,as altitude increases,so as to geminate and resist environmental stress.However,results indicate that some divergence in biomass allocation exists among organs.With increasing altitude,the mean fractions of total biomass allocated to aboveground parts decreased.The mean fractions of total biomass allocation to storage organs at the subalpine site (7%±2% S.E.) were distinct from those at the alpine (23%±6%) and subnival (21%±6%) sites,while the proportions of green leaves at all altitudes remained almost constant.At 4300 m and 5000 m,the mean fractions of flower stems decreased by 45% and 41%,respectively,while fine roots increased by 86% and 102%,respectively.Specific leaf areas and leaf areas of forbs and grasses deceased with rising elevation,while sedges showed opposite trends.For all three functional groups,leaf area ratio and leaf area root mass ratio decreased,while fine root biomass increased at higher altitudes.Biomass allocation patterns of alpine plants were characterized by a reduction in aboveground reproductive organs and enlargement of fine roots,while the proportion of leaves remained stable.It was beneficial for high altitude plants to compensate carbon gain and nutrient uptake under low temperature and limited nutrients by stabilizing biomass investment to photosynthetic structures and increasing the absorption surface area of fine roots.In contrast to forbs and grasses that had high mycorrhizal infection,sedges had higher single leaf area and more root fraction,especially fine roots.

关键词： Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau climate stress biomass allocation shoot/root ratio plant traits fine roots

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Regeneration of Nothofagus dombeyi(Mirb.)Ørst.in little to moderately disturbed southern beech forests in the Andes of Patagonia(Argentina)

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森林生态系统:英文版 2023年第4期10卷 472-482页

作者： Stefan Zerbe Stefanie T.Storz Georg Leitinger Natalia Zoe Joelson JoséBava Steffi Heinrichs Christoph Leuschner Gabriel Loguercio Alois Simon María F.Urretavizcaya Helge Walentowski Faculty of Agricultural Environmental and Food SciencesFree University of Bozen-BolzanoBolzanoItaly Department of Ecology University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria Faculty of Resource Management HAWK University of Applied Sciences and ArtsGöttingenGermany Department of plant Ecology and Ecosystem Research Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant SciencesUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico(CIEFAP) EsquelArgentina Department of Forest Planning Tyrol Forest AdministrationOffice of the Tyrolean GovernmentInnsbruckAustria

Natural forests and stands subjected to little to moderate human impact are continuously declining worldwide and with these,their biodiversity and ecosystem services.Many Nothofagus forests in the south of the South American continent are in a pristine state or only moderately impacted by humans.Forest grazing by livestock,in the past and still today often practiced in a non-sustainable way is,however,increasingly under discussion to meet current environmental and socio-economic challenges.Accordingly,we investigate the regeneration of Nothofagus dombeyi,a keystone species of the Patagonian Andes,in secondary forests in Argentinian northern Patagonia,particularly addressing the role of disturbance through grazing by livestock at various intensities.We test the hypothesis that the regeneration of this tree species is favored by grazing impact and,thus,disturbance of the herb layer and soil surface.In support of our hypothesis,Nothofagus dombeyi regeneration was significantly higher in terms of individuals and height classes in moderately grazed forests.Multivariate analysis shows significant positive effects of moderate grazing pressure,herb layer cover,and the occurrence of bare soil on the regeneration of Nothofagus dombeyi.Our results show that an integration of livestock grazing and forest regeneration is possible and that agroforestry systems can be an adequate management option for stakeholders in the region.A grazing management can also be part of a forest fire prevention strategy.However,the regeneration success and grazing pressure should be continuously monitored.

关键词： Agroforestry Disturbance Fire management Forest grazing Forest management plant traits

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Responses of five woody species to burial by marly sediment: the role of biomass allocation pattern flexibility

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Journal of plant Ecology 2012年第3期5卷 287-293页

作者： M.Burylo F.Rey T.Dutoit Cemagref Grenoble UR Ecosystemes Montagnards2 rue de la PapeterieBP 7638402 Saint Martin d’Heres CedexFrance Institut Mediterraneen d’Ecologie et de Paleoecologie Unite Mixte de Recherches CNRS-IRDInstitut Universitaire deTechnologieUniversite d’AvignonAgroparcBP 120784911 Avignon Cedex 9France

Aims In eroded lands of the French Southern Alps,burial of early established seedlings under marly sediment weakens the effect of vegetation on soil stabilization and sediment trapping.Therefore,this protective role is largely dependent on species’resistance to burial,and the understanding of species’tolerance to this environmental disturbance is highly valuable for basic knowledge on plant succession and for ecological restoration purposes.Methods The response of five woody species with contrasting ecological requirements and natural habitats—three tree species,Pinus nigra,Robinia pseudoacacia and Acer campestre,and two shrubs,Ononis fruticosa and Hippophae rhamnoides—to experimental burial under marly sediment was studied.Seedlings were exposed to three burial levels:no burial(control),partial burial(50%of seedling height)and complete burial(100%of seedling height).Burial tolerance was evaluated based on seedling survival,height and biomass.Biomass allocation to shoots and roots and soluble sugar and starch contents in roots and stems were measured to identify plant traits that determine species response to burial.Important Findings All species survived partial burial but only A.campestre seedlings emerged from complete burial.Tree species were more tolerant to burial and buried plants showed no significant differences with control.The two shrubs were found less tolerant and buried plants showed slower growth than controls.The results showed that species response was not related to initial soluble and starch content in roots and stems,but instead to biomass allocation pattern flexibility.

关键词： burial sediment marls response to burial plant traits

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Canopy gap size influences niche partitioning of the ground-layer plant community in a northern temperate forest

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Journal of plant Ecology 2013年第1期6卷 92-100页

作者： Christel C.Kern Rebecca A.Montgomery Peter B.Reich Terry F.Strong USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station1831 Hwy 169 EastGrand RapidsMN 55744USA Department of Forest Resources University of Minnesota-Twin Cities1530 North Cleveland AvenueSaint PaulMN 55108USA Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment University of Western SydneyLocked Bag 1797Penrith NSW 2751Australia USDA Forest Service USARetired

Aims The Gap Partitioning Hypothesis(GPH)posits that gaps create heterogeneity in resources crucial for tree regeneration in closed-canopy forests,allowing trees with contrasting strategies to coexist along resource gradients.Few studies have examined gap partitioning of temperate,ground-layer vascular plants.We used a ground-layer plant community of a temperate deciduous forest in northern Wisconsin,USA,as a model system to test whether the GPH extends to the relatively species-rich ground layer.Methods We used a well-replicated experimental approach that included a gap opening gradient(five gap sizes,6,10,20,30 and 46 m diameter,and undisturbed reference areas),a within-gap location gradient(gap edge to center),and a temporal gradient(0,2,6 and 13 years after gap creation).The data were observations of ground-layer plant abundance,published plant traits,and a modeled index of understory light environments.We ordinated the plant abundance data and evaluated the relationships of composition,traits and light environment by gap size,location along the forest-gap transect and time,with several approaches such as correlations,descriptive statistics,non-parametric tests of group differences and indicator species importance values.Important Findings Ground-layer plant composition and traits differed across gap sizes,within-gap locations and over time.Gaps of all sizes differed in composition from undisturbed areas,and all pair-wise combinations of gap size also differed in composition,except the 6 m from the 10-m gaps.Large gaps(46 m)also displayed within-gap compositional gradients from gap edge to center locations.Compositional differences in gap size were evident 2 years after gap creation and,contrary to our hypotheses,remained different over the 13-year period,even in gaps with crown closure.In contrast to the neutral theory,species functional traits and microenvironmental conditions were related to variation in ground-layer composition.Species with smaller seeds,lower shade tolerance,later bloom times,shorter sta

关键词： herbaceous layer experimental gaps proximity to edge functional diversity plant traits

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Environmental filtering does not necessarily prevent trait divergence: a case study of the Xilin River Basin in Inner Mongolia, China

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Journal of plant Ecology 2017年第3期10卷 497-509页

作者： Saruul Kang Jianming Niu Qing Zhang Dan Li Haijuan Ren Jing Ren Xuefeng Zhang Jianjun Dong School of Life Sciences Inner Mongolia University235 University West RoadHohhot 010021China Sino-US Center for Conservation Energyand Sustainability ScienceInner Mongolia University235 University West RoadHohhot 010021China

Aims Understanding how environmental factors and human activity drive plant community assembly remains a major challenge in community ecology.Two opposing processes,namely determinis-tic environmental filtering and nondeterministic elements such as interspecies competition,can be quantified by analyzing trait distri-butions in the community-assembly process.Methods We examined the trait-mediated effects of environmental filtering and stochastic process and the distribution over time of nine traits related to vegetative growth,regenerative phase,dispersal capability,decom-position and interspecific competition in plant communities along a degradation gradient in the Xilin River Basin,Inner Mongolia,China.We analyzed the turnover of environmental trait filtering and the diver-gence/convergence of different traits along the degradation gradient.Important Findings Our results showed the following.(i)The patterns of trait distribu-tion and filtering were strongly dependent upon the degradation gradient and trait types.Most traits were filtered intensely in degraded grasslands.(ii)plants with two different strategies showed contrasting trait-distribution patterns.The traits that were related to biological matter cycling showed divergent pat-terns in highly degraded grasslands,while convergent patterns along the overall gradient were demonstrated in traits associated with other plant strategies.This suggests that the coexistence of multiple‘biological matter cycling-related niches’might be a basic structuring pattern of plant communities in our study area.(iii)The simultaneous occurrence of strong filtering and diver-gence revealed that environmental filtering does not necessar-ily prevent competition,and that different traits show different signatures.

关键词： community assembly convergence degradation grazing intensity plant traits typical grassland

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plant-herbivore assemblages under natural conditions are driven by plant size,not chemical defenses

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Journal of plant Ecology 2017年第6期10卷 1012-1021页

作者： Eva Castells Maria Morante Sandra Saura-Mas Anabel Blasco-Moreno Departament de Farmacologia Terapèutica i ToxicologiaUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCerdanyola del Vallès 08193Spain CREAF Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193Spain Department de Biologia Animal Vegetal i EcologiaUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCerdanyola del Vallès 08193Spain Servei d’Estadística Aplicada Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCerdanyola del Vallès 08193Spain

Aims plant secondary metabolites have been traditionally recognized as key traits regulating plant-herbivore assemblages.However,the ecological relevance of secondary metabolites as resistance mecha-nisms in comparison to other plant attributes,including physical,morphological or ecological traits,has been recently questioned.We aim to evaluate the role of chemical defenses,plant size and the presence of insect competitors on driving the differences in her-bivory damage under natural conditions.Methods We performed a replicated field study on the herbivore commu-nity associated with four Senecio species(S.lividus,S.vulgaris,S.inaequidens and S.pterophorus)during a full-reproductive season in Montseny Natural Park(catalonia,NE Spain).Pyrrolizidine alka-loids(PAs),the most characteristic chemical defenses of Senecio due to their toxic effects on herbivores,were analyzed by gas chro-matography.Individual plant size was estimated by the number of flower heads produced over the entire reproductive season.We used linear mixed models to explore the relationships between total PA concentrations,plant size and herbivory levels.Important Findings PA concentrations were not related to the natural guild of herbivores within any plant species or insect type.Moreover,no significant interactions were found between insect species sharing the same host plants.In contrast,herbivore abundance was positively related to plant size in S.vulgaris,S.lividus and S.inaequidens.We found no evidence that PAs confer an increased plant resistance against herbivores in Senecio.Our study supports the hypothesis that plant chemical defenses have a secondary role in determining plant-her-bivore assemblages in comparison to other plant traits under the complexity of natural conditions.

关键词： Senecio herbivory chemical defenses pyrrolizidine alkaloids plant traits

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