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Mode division multiplexing:from photonic integration to optical fiber transmission[Invited]

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Chinese Optics Letters 2021年第9期19卷 29-52页

作者：杜江兵沈微宏刘嘉程陈宇峰陈心怡何祖源 State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China

To overcome the capacity crunch of optical communications based on the traditional single-mode fiber(SMF), different modes in a few-mode fiber(FMF) can be employed for mode division multiplexing(MDM). MDM can also be extended to photonic integration for obtaining improved density and efficiency, as well as interconnection capacity. Therefore, MDM becomes the most promising method for maintaining the trend of "Moore’s law" in photonic integration and optical fiber transmission. In this tutorial, we provide a review of MDM works and cutting-edge progresses from photonic integration to optical fiber transmission, including our recent works of MDM low-noise amplification, FMF fiber design, MDM Si photonic devices, and so on. Research and application challenges of MDM for optical communications regarding long-haul transmission and short reach interconnection are discussed as well. The content is expected to be of important value for both academic researchers and industrial engineers during the development of next-generation optical communication systems,from photonic chips to fiber links.

关键词： mode division multiplexing photonic integration few-mode fiber optical transmission optical interconnection

photonic integrated optical phased arrays and their applications[Invited]

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Chinese Optics Letters 2024年第2期22卷 42-55页

作者：马志鹏万远剑梁航付瑶唐国彪赵晓阳赵世傲匡海波张宇王健 Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430074China Optics Valley Laboratory Wuhan 430074China

In recent years,optical phased arrays(OPAs)have attracted great interest for their potential applications in light detection and ranging(Li DAR),free-space optical communications(FSOs),holography,and so on.photonic integrated circuits(PICs)provide solutions for further reducing the size,weight,power,and cost of OPAs.In this paper,we review the recent development of photonic integrated OPAs.We summarize the typical architecture of the integrated OPAs and their performance.We analyze the key components of OPAs and evaluate the figure of merit for OPAs.Various applications in Li DAR,FSO,imaging,biomedical sensing,and specialized beam generation are introduced.

关键词： optical phased arrays LiDAR silicon photonics beam steering photonic integration

Investigation progress on key photonic integration for application in optical communication network

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Science in China(Series F) 2003年第1期46卷 60-66页

作者：王启明 Institute of Semiconductors Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Joint Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics

Proceeding from the consideration of the demands from the functional architecture of high speed, high capacity optical communication network, this paper points out that photonic integrated devices, including high speed response laser source, narrow band response photodetector high speed wavelength converter, dense wavelength multi/demultiplexer, low loss high speed response photo-switch and multi-beam coupler are the key components in the system. The investigation progress in the laboratory will be introduced.

关键词： optical network photonic integration active devices passive devices.

An advanced Ⅲ-Ⅴ-on-silicon photonic integration platform

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Opto-Electronic Advances 2021年第9期4卷 14-27页

作者： Yingtao Hu Di Liang Raymond G.Beausoleil Hewlett Packard Labs Hewlett Packard Enterprise820 N McCarthy BlvdMilpitasCA 95035USA

In many application scenarios,silicon(Si)photonics favors the integration of Ⅲ-Ⅴ gain material onto Si substrate to real-ize the on-chip light source.In addition to the current popular integration approaches of Ⅲ-Ⅴ-on-Si wafer bonding or dir-ect heteroepitaxial growth,a newly emerged promising solution of epitaxial regrowth on bonded substrate has attracted a lot of interests.High-quality Ⅲ-Ⅴ material realization and successful laser demonstrations show its great potential to be a promising integration platform for low-cost,high-integration density and highly scalable active-passive photonic integra-tion on Si.This paper reviews recent research work on this regrowth on bonded template platform including template de-velopments,regrown material characterizations and laser demonstrations.The potential advantages,opportunities and challenges of this approach are discussed.

关键词： Si photonics Ⅲ-Ⅴ-on-Si laser photonic integration epitaxy regrowth

Global modes and coupled modes for integrated twin circular-side octagon microlasers

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2022年第2期65卷 173-180页

作者： Ke YANG Yuede YANG Youzeng HAO Jiliang WU Yongtao HUANG Jiachen LIU Jinlong XIAO Yongzhen HUANG State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics Institute of Semiconductors Chinese Academy of Sciences Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Whispering-gallery mode(WGM) microlasers are potential light sources for photonic integrated circuits and optical information processing. In this paper, an integrated twin circular-side octagon microlaser(TCOM) composed of two identical circular-side octagon microcavities(COMs) is proposed and demonstrated for realizing lasing mode control. In a TCOM, we found a global mode with the mode field of an "8" pattern(labeled "8" mode) in addition to weak coupling modes of traditional four-bounce modes. The "8" mode belongs to the whole coupled cavity and is insensitive to the refractive index offset of coupled COMs, but the weak coupling modes are strongly sensitive to the refractive index offset. Lasing mode transformation from multiple coupled modes to a single "8" mode is demonstrated by adjusting the refractive index offset through injection currents. Weak coupling modes for directly connected TCOMs and lasing mode control make the COM a potential unit for large-scale photonic integration and optical information processing.

关键词： optical microcavity semiconductor lasers coupled cavity lasing mode control photonic integration

Butt-joint regrowth method by MOCVD for integration of evanescent wave coupled photodetector and multi-quantum well semiconductor optical amplifier

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Chinese Physics B 2022年第4期31卷 686-692页

作者：肖锋韩勤叶焓王帅陆子晴肖帆 State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics Institute of SemiconductorsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100083China College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China

We have realized integration of evanescent wave coupled photodetector(ECPD)and multi-quantum well(MQW)semiconductor optical amplifier(SOA)on MOCVD platform by investigating butt-joint regrowth method of thick InP/InGaAsP waveguides to deep etched SOA mesas.The combination of inductively coupled plasma etching and wet chemical etching technique has been studied to define the final mesa shape before regrowth.By comparing the etching profiles of different non-selective etchants,we have obtained a controllable non-reentrant mesa shape with smooth sidewall by applying one step 2 HBr:2 H_(3)PO_(4):K_(2)Cr_(2)O_(7)wet etching.A high growth temperature of 680℃is found helpful to enhance planar regrowth.By comparing the growth morphologies and simulating optical transmission along different directions,we determined that waveguides should travel across the regrowth interface along the[110]direction.The relation between growth rate and mask design has been extensively studied and the result can provide an important guidance for future mask design and vertical alignment between the active and passive cores.ECPD-SOA integrated device has been successfully achieved by this method without further regrowth steps and provided a responsivity of 7.8 A/W.The butt-joint interface insertion loss is estimated to be 1.05 dB/interface.

关键词： butt-joint regrowth etching profile non-reentrant mesa photonic integration

Fabrication of In P-based monolithically integrated laser transmitters

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2018年第8期61卷 64-82页

作者： Song LIANG Dan LU Lingjuan ZHAO Hongliang ZHU Baojun WANG Daibing ZHOU Wei WANG Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science Institute of Semiconductors Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices Institute of SemiconductorsChinese Academy of Sciences

In P-based photonic integrated circuits(PICs) have aroused great interest in recent years to meet the needs of future high-capacity and high-performance optical systems. With the advantages of small size,low power consumption, low cost, high reliability, In P-based PICs are promising solutions to replace the multiple discrete devices used in various systems. In this paper, we will review the design, fabrication, key integration technology and performance of several kinds of In P-based monolithically integrated transmitters developed in our group in recent years. Particular attention will be paid to the electro-absorption modulated laser(EML), multi-wavelength distributed feedback(DFB) laser arrays, widely tunable distributed reflector(DBR) lasers and their arrays, integrated amplified feedback lasers(AFL), and few-mode transmitters.

关键词： photonic integration EMLs multi-wavelength DFB laser arrays widely tunable DBR lasers integrated AFL few-mode transmitters

Subwavelength self-imaging in cascaded waveguide arrays

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Advanced photonics 2020年第3期2卷 29-34页

作者： Wange Song Hanmeng Li Shenglun Gao Chen Chen Shining Zhu Tao Li Nanjing University College of Engineering and Applied SciencesNational Laboratory of Solid State MicrostructuresKey Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and IntegrationJiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional MaterialsNanjingChina Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures NanjingChina

Self-imaging is an important function for signal transport,distribution,and processing in integrated optics,which is usually implemented by multimode interference or diffractive imaging process.However,these processes suffer from the resolution limit due to classical wave propagation dynamics.We propose and demonstrate subwavelength optical imaging in one-dimensional silicon waveguide arrays,which is implemented by cascading straight and curved waveguides in sequence.The coupling coefficient between the curved waveguides is tuned to be negative to reach a negative dispersion,which is an analog to a hyperbolic metamaterial with a negative refractive index.Therefore,it endows the waveguide array with a superlens function as it is connected with a traditional straight waveguide array with positive dispersion.With a judiciously engineered cascading silicon waveguide array,we successfully show the subwavelength self-imaging process of each input port of the waveguide array as the single point source.Our approach provides a strategy for dealing with optical signals at the subwavelength scale and indicates functional designs in high-density waveguide integrations.

关键词： self-imaging resolution limit silicon waveguide array photonic integration

Advances in soliton microcomb generation

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Advanced photonics 2020年第3期2卷 2-28页

作者： Weiqiang Wang Leiran Wang Wenfu Zhang Chinese Academy of Sciences Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision MechanicsState Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and PhotonicsXi’anChina University of Chinese Academy of Sciences BeijingChina

Optical frequency combs,a revolutionary light source characterized by discrete and equally spaced frequencies,are usually regarded as a cornerstone for advanced frequency metrology,precision spectroscopy,high-speed communication,distance ranging,molecule detection,and many others.Due to the rapid development of micro/nanofabrication technology,breakthroughs in the quality factor of microresonators enable ultrahigh energy buildup inside cavities,which gives birth to microcavity-based frequency combs.In particular,the full coherent spectrum of the soliton microcomb(SMC)provides a route to low-noise ultrashort pulses with a repetition rate over two orders of magnitude higher than that of traditional mode-locking approaches.This enables lower power consumption and cost for a wide range of applications.This review summarizes recent achievements in SMCs,including the basic theory and physical model,as well as experimental techniques for single-soliton generation and various extraordinary soliton states(soliton crystals,Stokes solitons,breathers,molecules,cavity solitons,and dark solitons),with a perspective on their potential applications and remaining challenges.

关键词： optical frequency comb soliton microcomb microcavity photonic integration Kerr effect four-wave mixing