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Quantum Theory Improvement of the photoelectric effect on Metals

Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2022年第8期10卷 2432-2449页

作者： Amaury de Kertanguy LERMA Observatoire de Paris-Meudon Place Jules Janssen Meudon France

This paper concerns the full interaction of a flux of photons onto any metal whose extraction potential is known. The photons are described with a full wavefunction, including all states of polarization, and the ejected electrons are considered with their two spin states. The purpose is to give a full theoretical description of the interaction of the photoelectric effect, known since a long time, it verifies that the electron of any peculiar metal can escape if a threshold is met. These wavelengths are accessible for many metals, the photoelectrons exist if the condition: . U0 is the extraction potential given in eV, these are tabulated. The system wavefunction (electron + photon) a product of the electron free wave and of the photon, taken as , is defined, and the total Ψ(t) is truncated as required by the condition . It is possible to use any combination of polarization states for the photon, with at maximum a mixture of all possible polarizations, which is linear and right and left circular. The method applied takes into account the basic electron photon interaction, the free electron, which is the ejected electron, is described by a free wave, restricted to the first momenta. The quantum theory of the interaction needs to evaluate the integrals: , where rmax is a cut-off parameter to insert to enable finite values of these integrals. The I is calculated on the variables r, θ, φ, and the r3 concerns the radial volume multiplied by the r coming from the dipolar interaction. It follows that using the Fermi golden rule leads to an estimate of the probability of escape of an electron Pij, assuming that the normalisation factor of the A the electomagnetic vector is . The results for copper metal are given, the probabilty of escape, Pij has the correct dimension .

关键词： photoelectric effect Quantum Theory Electron Photon Interaction

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On the Physical Process and Essence of the photoelectric effect

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2023年第6期11卷 1580-1597页

作者： Weihong Qian School of Physics Peking University Beijing China Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology China Meteorological Administration Guangzhou China

A hundred years ago, Planck and Einstein and others created quantum theories or quantum mechanics while they explained the photoelectric effect. Planck and Einstein empirically obtained a statistical relationship between the energy of light quantum and the frequency of light but have not studied the physical process and essence of the photoelectric effect, so some photoelectric phenomena are difficult to be explained by existing quantum mechanics currently. In this paper, a dynamical process of orthogonal interaction between a photon and an electron to form a new state of matter in photoelectric effect experiments is studied so finding that the Planck constant is a product value of the mass, length, and velocity of a high-energy particle. The dynamics of the orthogonal collision of matter (particles) can not only give the physical process and essence of the photoelectric effect, but also have great significance for the further development of quantum mechanics. It can physically explain phenomena such as wave-particle duality and quantum entanglement in the motion of high-energy particles. Its prospects can be widely used in cosmic physics, macro physics, and micro physics.

关键词： photoelectric effect Planck Constant Physical Essence Orthogonal Collision

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Ferroelectric hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites and their structural and functional diversity

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National Science Review 2023年第2期10卷 242-259页

作者： Tie Zhang Ke Xu Jie Li Lei He Da-Wei Fu Qiong Ye Ren-Gen Xiong Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics Southeast University Institute for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis MaterialsZhejiang Normal University

Molecular ferroele ctrics have gradually aroused great interest in both fundamental scientific research and te chnological applications because of their easy processing,light weight and mechanical flexibility.Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite ferroelectrics(HOIPFs),as a class of molecule-based ferroelectrics,have diverse functionalities owing to their unique structure and have become a hot spot in molecular ferroelectrics research.Therefore,they are extremely attractive in the field of ferroelectrics.However,there seems to be a lack of systematic review of their design,performance and potential applications.Herein,we review the recent development of HOIPFs from lead-base d,lead-free and metal-free perovskites,and outline the vers atility of these ferroelectrics,including piezoelectricity for mechanical energy-harvesting and optoelectronic properties for photovoltaics and light detection.Furthermore,a perspective view of the challenges and future directions of HOIPFs is also highlighted.

关键词： ferroelectrics hybrid perovskite molecular design photoelectric effect piezoelectricity

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Coupling boron-modulated bimetallic oxyhydroxide with photosensitive polymer enable highly-active and ultra-stable seawater splitting

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2022年第12期75卷 26-37,I0002页

作者： Weiju Hao Chengyu Fu Yingming Wang Kui Yin Hongyuan Yang Ruotao Yang Ziliang Chen Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials(FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and DevicesJoint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhou 215123JiangsuChina Departmentof Chemistry School of Materials and ChemistryUniversity of Shanghai for Science and TechnologyShanghai 200093China Department of Chemistry Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinBerlin 10623Germany

Seawater photoelectrolysis is showing huge potential in green energy conversion field,yet it is still a formidable challenge to develop one catalyst that can drive the electrolysis reaction stably,economically and efficiently.Motivated by this point,the inorganic–organic hybridization strategy is proposed to insitu construct one hierarchical electrode via concurrent electroless plating and polymerization,which assures the growth of boron-modulated nickel–cobalt oxyhydroxide nanoballs and photosensitive polyaniline nanochains on the self-supporting Ti-based foil(B-Co Ni OOH/PANI@TiO_(2)/Ti).Upon inducing photoelectric effect(PEE),the designed target electrode delivers overpotentials as low as 196 and 398 mV at 100 mA cm^(-2)for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER),respectively,corresponding to an activity enhancement by about 15%as compared to those without PEE.Inspiringly,when served as bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall seawater electrolysis,it can stably maintain at 200 mA cm^(-2)with negligible decay over 72 h.Further analysis reveals that the exceptional catalytic performance can be credit to the B-CoNiOOH,polyaniline(PANI)and TiO_(2)subunit coupling-induced physically and chemically synergistic catalysis effect such as admirable composition stability,photoelectric function and adhesion capability.The finding in this contribution may trigger much more broad interest to the novel hybrid catalysts consisting of photosensitive polymer and transition metal-based electrocatalysts.

关键词： Photosensitive polymer B-modulated nanohybrid Electroless plating photoelectric effect Seawater splitting

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Light-Driven Ion Transport in Nanofluidic Devices:Photochemical,photoelectric,and Photothermal effects

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CCS Chemistry 2022年第1期4卷 54-65页

作者： Kai Xiao Oliver G.Schmidt Department of Biomedical Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology(SUSTech)Shenzhen 518055 Center for Materials Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes(MAIN)Chemnitz University of TechnologyChemnitz 09126 Institute for Integrative Nanosciences Leibniz IFW DresdenDresden 01069

Light-driven ion transport in nanofluidic devices is a phenomenon where ions move unidirectionally by consuming optical energy,either from low concentration to high concentration or vice versa.The light-driven unidirectional ion transport offers intriguing application potential in desalination and ion separation,osmosis energy harvesting,and ionic machines benefiting from the remote noncontact light stimulus.Here,we review recent progress in nanofluidic-based light-driven ion transport systems and emphasize similarities and differences in the three underlying working principles based on photochemical,photoelectric,and photothermal effects.The current challenges and future developments of light-driven ion transport in nanofluidic devices are discussed.We believed that this article encourages further innovation in this exciting and emerging research field.

关键词： nanofluidic artificial ion pump nanochannel ion transport photoelectric effect

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Exceedingly Small Quantum of Time Kshana Explains the Structure of an Electron

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Journal of Modern Physics 2022年第8期13卷 1167-1183页

作者： Shesharao M. Wanjerkhede Bidar India

In this study, an effort is made to find the attributes of an electron based on Maharishi Vyasa’s definition of kshana or moment. Kshana or moment is a very small quanta of time defined by Maharishi Vyasa. It is the time taken by an elementary particle to change the direction from east to north. It is found that the value of a kshana in the case of pair production is approximately 2 × 10-21 sec, and the radius of the spinning electron or positron is equal to the reduced Compton wavelength. The mass of the electron is equal to the codata recommended value of electron mass and time required in pair production is about four kshanas equal to spinning period of an electron. During validation, in case of the photoelectric effect, spectral series of hydrogen atoms, Compton scattering, and the statistical concept of motion of electron, the value of the number of kshanas in a second is the same as that found in pair production.

关键词： Kshana Pair Production photoelectric effect Compton Scattering Fine Structure Constant

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On Separation of Charges and Formation of Linear Structures in the Nuclei of Dislocations in Metals

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Applied Mathematics 2020年第8期11卷 739-752页

作者： V. L. Busov Donbass State Engineering Academy Kramatorsk Ukraine

In metals, the non-adiabatic mechanism of charge separation into the electron, cation, and vacancy chains is considered. It includes: 1) the photoelectric effect caused by bremsstrahlung caused by the scattering of conduction electrons by impurity ions lying at the ends of these chains and oscillating with the frequency of the local phonon mode;2) knocking out from the metal cations of the matrix, sufficiently slow (in comparison with the conduction electrons) photoelectrons that pull these cations from the nodes, thereby not violating the electroneutrality condition in the model of a free electron gas as with the static state of the chains and at their motion (slipping, recrawling) in the absence of a thermal field;3) induced radiation along the line of chains;4) the formation of linear structures in the spatial lattice of octahedral interstitial sites. The conditions for the formation of quasistable bound states in the dislocation core are considered. A hypothesis is advanced that the latent energy in the dislocation cores contains a component that is of an electromagnetic nature.

关键词： Nonadiabatic Process Bremsstrahlung photoelectric effect Photoelectrons Induced Radiation Quasistable Bound States

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