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Whole petroleum system and ordered distribution pattern of conventional and unconventional oil and gas reservoirs

petroleum Science 2023年第1期20卷 1-19页

作者： Cheng-Zao Jia Xiong-Qi Pang Yan Song PetroChina Research Institute of petroleum Exploration&Development Beijing100083China State Key Laboratory of petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of PetroleumBeijing102249China China University of petroleum Beijing102249China

The classical source-to-trap petroleum system concept only considers the migration and accumulation of conventional oil and gas in traps driven dominantly by buoyance in a basin,although revised and improved,even some new concepts as composite petroleum system,total petroleum system,total composite petroleum system,were proposed,but they do not account for the vast unconventional oil and gas reservoirs within the system,which is not formed and distributed in traps dominantly by buoyancedriven.Therefore,the petroleum system concept is no longer adequate in dealing with all the oil and gas accumulations in a basin where significant amount of the unconventional oil and gas resources are present in addition to the conventional oil and gas accumulations.This paper looked into and analyzed the distribution characteristics of conventional and unconventional oil/gas reservoirs and their differences and correlations in petroliferous basins in China and North America,and then proposed whole petroleum system(WPS)concept,the WPS is defined as a natural system that encompasses all the conventional and unconventional oil and gas,reservoirs and resources originated from organic matter in source rocks,the geological elements and processes involving the formation,evolution,and distribution of these oil and gas,reservoirs and resources.It is found in the WPS that there are three kinds of hydrocarbons dynamic fields,three kinds of original hydrocarbons,three kinds of reservoir rocks,and the coupling of these three essential elements lead to the basic ordered distribution model of shale oil/gas reservoirs contacting or interbeded with tight oil/gas reservoirs and separated conventional oil/gas reservoirs from source rocks upward,which is expressed as“S\T-C”.Abnormal conditions lead to other three special ordered distribution models:The first is that with shale oil/gas reservoirs separated from tight oil/gas reservoirs.The second is that with two direction ordered distributions from source upward and downward.The third is with latera

关键词： Conventional and unconventional oil and gas petroleum system Whole petroleum system Hydrocarbon reservoirs ordered distribution model Fossil energy

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petroleum system of the Fula Depression at the Muglad Basin in the Central African Fault Zone

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Journal of Earth Science 2011年第3期22卷 363-370页

作者：张亚敏顾勤 School of Earth Sciences and Resources Management Chang'an University Key Laboratory of Western China's Mineral Resources and Geological Engineering Ministry of Education Exploration and Development Scientific Research Institute Zhongyuan Oilfield CompanySINOPEC

petroleum system theory has been used to study characteristics of the Fula depression in the Central African fault zone.In this system,deep lacustrine facies mudstone in the Abu Gabra For-mation of the Lower Cretaceous is a very good source rock,thick deltaic facies sandstone of the Abu Gabra Formation and fluvial facies sandstone of the Bentiu Formation are good reservoir beds,and the mudstone in the Upper Cretaceous Darfur Group is the regional cap rock.The oil search mode and fault block trap seal-off conditions are considered here for passive rift basins.Particularly with respect to oil source rock distribution,successive development of reverse fault block and faulted anticlinal traps on low relief structures could have accumulated hydrocarbons because of lateral sealing by down-thrown mudstone along the up-dipping reservoir beds.At present,discoveries in this system are all large-duty oil fields.In 2009,proved reserves exceeded 2×108 t,and about 3×106 t annual throughput of crude oil was obtained.Risk exploration of the Fula depression is of short cycle and high benefit,which will be of great help for exploration in the Muglad basin.

关键词： half-horst hydrocarbon source rock petroleum system Fula depression Muglad basin.

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petroleum system of the Sufyan Depression at the Eastern Margin of a Huge Strike-slip Fault Zone in Central Africa

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2009年第6期83卷 1182-1187页

作者： ZHANG Yamin GU Qin School of Earth Sciences and Resources Management Chang＇an University Xi＇an Shaanxi 710054 China Key Laboratory of Western China＇s Mineral Resources and Geological Engineering Ministry of Education Chang＇an University Xi＇an Shaanxi 710054 China Exploration and Development Scientific Research Institute of Zhongyuan Oil Field Company Sinopec Henan 457001 China

The present paper mainly studies the petroleum system of the Sufyan Depression in the Muglad Basin of central Africa and analyzes its control of hydrocarbon accumulation. On the basis of comprehensive analysis of effective source rock, reservoir bed types and source-reservoir-seal assemblages, petroleum system theory has been used to classify the petroleum system of the Sufyan Depression. Vertically, the Sufyan Depression consists of two subsystems. One is an Abu Gabra subsystem as a self generating, accumulating and sealing assemblage. The other subsystem is composed of an Abu Gabra source rock, Bentiu channel sandstone reservoir and Darfur group shale seal, which is a prolific assemblage in this area. Laterally, the Sufyan Depression is divided into eastern and western parts with separate hydrocarbon generation centers more than 10 000 m deep. The potential of the petroleum system is tremendous. Recently, there has been a great breakthrough in exploration. The Sufyan C-1 well drilled in the central structural belt obtained high-yielding oil flow exceeding 100 tons per day and controlled geologic reserves of tens of millions of tons. The total resource potential of the Sufyan Depression is considerable. The central structural belt is most favorable as an exploration and development prospect.

关键词： effective hydrocarbon source rock petroleum system half-graben （graben） Sufyan Depression Muglad Basin

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petroleum system in Deepwater Basins of the Northern South China Sea

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Journal of China University of Geosciences 2009年第1期20卷 124-135页

作者：吴时国韩清华马玉波董冬冬吕福亮 Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071 China College of Georesource and Information China University of PetroleumQingdao 266555 China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China PetroChina Hangzhou Institute of Geology Hangzhou 310023 China

The northern South China Sea margin has experienced a rifting stage and a post-rifting stage during the Cenozoic. In the rifting stage, the margin received lacustrine and shallow marine facies sediments. In the post-rifting thermal subsidence, the margin accumulated shallow marine facies and hemipelagic deposRs, and the deepwater basins formed. petroleum systems of deepwater setting have been imaged from seismic data and drill wells. Two kinds of source rocks including Paleogene lacustrine black shale and Oligocene-Early Miocene mudstone were developed in the deepwater basin of the South China Sea. The deepwater reservoirs are characterized by the deep sea channel fill, mass flow complexes and drowned reef carbonate platform. Profitable capping rocks on the top are mudstones with huge thickness in the post-rifting stage. Meanwhile, the faults developed during the rifting stage provide a migration path favourable for the formation of reservoirs. The analysis of seismic and drilling data suggests that the joint structural and stratigraphic traps could form giant hydrocarbon fields and hydrocarbon reservoirs including syn-rifting graben subaqueous delta, deepwater submarine fan sandstone and reef carbonate reservoirs.

关键词： deepwater reservoir source rock petroleum system northern South China Sea.

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Evaluation of petroleum system in Xihu Depression, East China Sea Shelf Basin

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Journal of China University of Geosciences 2001年第4期12卷 343-350页

作者： Ye Jiaren L■ Delin Faculty of Earth Resources , China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074 Gu Huirong Planning & Designing Institute, Shanghai Offshore petroleum Bureau, Shanghai 200120 Faculty of Earth Resources China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 Planning & Designing Institute Shanghai Offshore Petroleum Bureau Shanghai 200120

According to the theory of petroleum system and the characteristics of petroleum geology, the Xihu depression in the East China Sea shelf basin is divided into four petroleum systems: the Pinghu Formation as source rock and the Huagang Formation as reservoir rock, the Huagang Formation as source rock and reservoir rock, the Paleocene as source rock and the burial-hill as reservoir rock, and the Miocene as source rock and reservoir rock. The system with the Pinghu Formation as source rock and the Huagang Formation as reservoir rock is the most important one in the depression, which has high hydrocarbon generation and accumulation efficiency and is the most important object to hydrocarbon exploration at present.

关键词： Xihu depression petroleum system geological element pool-forming process evaluation.

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Subvolcanic Rock petroleum system Potential in the South Malang Region, East Java, Indonesia

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Open Journal of Yangtze Oil and Gas 2021年第4期6卷 146-160页

作者： Carolus Prasetyadi Achmad Subandrio Muhammad Gazali Rachman Antu Ridha Falkhan Barizi Guntor Suryo Putro Departement of Geological Engineering UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta Yogyakarta Indonesia

The South Malang Region is located in the south-eastern part of the Southern Mountain Volcanic Arc;it presents different opportunities for hydrocarbon exploration. The stratigraphy of the study area from old to young consists of Oligocene Volcanic rocks (Mandalika, Watupatok, and Arjosari Formation), Early Miocene Carbonates (Campurdarat and Jaten Formation), Middle Miocene Volcanic (Wuni Formation), Late Miocene-Pliocene Carbonates (Nampol, Oyo, and Wonosari Formation), and Holocene alluvial deposits (Kalipucang Formation). The dominance of volcanic rocks makes this area considered an area without hydrocarbon play prospects. petroleum system potential is revealed by evaluating and analyzing potential source rock and reservoir rock outcrop samples. The study shows that the Nampol Formation can be considered as a gas-prone source rock, with type III kerogen, total organic content ranging from 3.48 - 26.18 wt%, and possess the potential to produce good to very good hydrocarbons and a hydrogen index ranging from 43 to 86 mgHC/g TOC. Furthermore, rock core analysis and petrographic studies were carried out on the Nampol sandstone where the rock samples showed good reservoir properties. However, the Nampol and Wonosari limestone that was considered as the secondary target for reservoir possesses a low quality of reservoir properties. This study shows that there is a potential for petroleum system existence in the Southern Mountain subvolcanic arc, which is indicated by the presence of source rock and potential reservoir rock as one of the various elements and processes present in a petroleum system.

关键词： petroleum system Reservoir Source Rock South Malang Sub-Volcanic

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Developing a GIS-based rough fuzzy set granulation model to handle spatial uncertainty for hydrocarbon structure classification,case study:Fars domain,Iran

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Geo-Spatial Information Science 2022年第3期25卷 399-412页

作者： Sahand Seraj Mahmoud Reza Delavar School of Surveying and Geospatial Engineering University of TehranTehranIran Center of Excellence in Geomatics Engineering in Disaster Management University of TehranTehranIran

It is well agreed that geologic risk occurs during hydrocarbon exploration because diverse uncertainties accompany the entire hydrocarbon system parameters such as the source rock,reservoir rock,trap and seal rock.In order to overcome such attributes with uncertainties,a number of soft computing methods are used.Information granules could be provided by the Rough Fuzzy Set Granulation(RFSG)with a thorough quality evaluation.This is capable of attribute reduction that has been claimed to be essential in investigating the hydrocarbon systems.This paper is an endeavor to recommend a Geospatial Information system(GIS)-based model with the aim of categorizing the hydrocarbon structures map consistent with the uncertainty range concepts of geologic risk in the rough fuzzy sets and granular computing.The model used the RFSG for the attribute reduction by a Decision Logic language(DLlanguage).The RFSG was employed in order to classify hydrocarbon structures according to geological risk and extract the fuzzy rules with a predefined range of uncertainty.In order to assess the precisions of the fuzzy decisions on the hydrocarbon structure classification,the fuzzy entropy and fuzzy cross-entropy are applied.The proposed RFSG model applied for 62 structures as the training data,average fuzzy entropy has been calculated as 0.85,whereas the average fuzzy cross-entropy has been calculated 0.18.As it can be discerned,just seven structures had cross-entropies greater than 0.1,while three structures were larger than 0.3.It is implied that the precision of the proposed model is about 89%.The results yielded two reductions for the condition attributes and 11 fuzzy rules being filtered by the granular computing values.

关键词： Rough fuzzy set granular computing Geospatial Information Science(GIS) petroleum system hydrocarbon structure

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Exploration discovery and hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics of the Doseo strike-slip and inverted basin, Chad

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petroleum Exploration and Development 2022年第2期49卷 247-256页

作者： DOU Lirong XIAO Kunye DU Yebo WANG Li ZHANG Xinshun CHENG Dingsheng HU Ying Research Institute of petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China China National Oil and Gas Exploration and Development Corporation Beijing 100034China

Several international oil companies had conducted petroleum exploration, but failed to make any commercially viable discoveries in the Doseo Basin for over 30 years. In this article, an integrated analysis, based on the latest seismic and drilling data combined with exploration practice and tectonic, sedimentary as well as petroleum-geological characteristics of the basin, has been conducted with the aim to disclose the key factors of hydrocarbon accumulation and enrichment and then to find the potential petroleum plays. The Doseo Basin in Chad is a Meso-Cenozoic lacustrine rift basin developed on the Precambrian crystalline basement in the Central African Shear Zone. It is a half graben rift controlled by the strike-slip fault at the northern boundary, and can be divided into two sub-basins, an uplift and a slope. The basin experienced two rifting periods in the Cretaceous and was strongly inverted with the erosion thickness of 800–1000 m during the Eocene, and then entered the depression and extinction period. Structurally, a large number of normal faults and strike-slip faults are identified in the basin, and the boundary faults are inverted faults with normal at first. The main structural styles include inverted anticlines, fault noses, complex fault-blocks and flower structures. The Lower Cretaceous is the main sedimentary strata, which are divided into the Mangara Group, Kedeni, Doba and Koumra Formations from bottom to up. Two transgressive-regressive cycles developed in the Lower Cretaceous indicates with mainly lacustrine, fluvial, delta, braided-delta, fan-delta sandstone and mudstone. The effective source rock in the basin is the deep-lacustrine mudstone of the Lower Cretaceous containing the type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ;organic matters. Furthermore, Inverted anticlines and fault-complicated blocks comprise the main trap types and the Kedeni Uplift is the most favorable play, followed by the Northern Steep Slope and Southern Gentle Slope. Lateral sealing capacity of faults controls the hydrocarbon abundance.

关键词： Doseo Basin rift basin strike-slip inverted structure petroleum system hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics exploration discovery

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petroleum exploration breakthrough and geological significance in Cretaceous Yingcheng and Denglouku formations of Shuangcheng area, northern Songliao Basin, NE China

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petroleum Exploration and Development 2023年第1期50卷 72-84页

作者： LIU Chao FU Xiaofei LI Yangcheng WANG Haixue SUN Lidong LU Jiamin LI Junhui SUN Youhai SHI Lidong HU Huiting YUAN Hongqi YANG Zicheng Northeast petroleum University Daqing 163318China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Continental Shale Hydrocarbon Accumulation and Efficient Development Northeast Petroleum UniversityDaqing 163318China PetroChina Daqing Oilfield Company Ltd. Daqing 163712China

Based on drilling geological,geochemical,geophysical and production test data,the characteristics of source rocks,reservoir rocks and caprocks,as well as the process of hydrocarbon generation,trap evolution and oil accumulation of the oil-bearing assemblage composed of the Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation(K1yc)and Denglouku Formation(K1d)in the Shuangcheng area,northern Songliao Basin,NE China,were analyzed by using the research methods for petroleum systems.The source rocks mainly exist in K1yc,with the organic matters mainly originated from lower aquatic organisms and algae,and reaching the grade of high-quality source rock in terms of organic abundance.The crude oil,which is characterized by low density,high freezing point and high wax content,is believed to have generated by the K1yc source rocks.The reservoir rocks include K1d sandstones and K1yc glutenites.The mudstone in the fourth member of K1d serves as the direct caprock of the oil reservoir.The oil was generated during the period between Yaojia Formation and Nenjiang Formation,and then accumulated during the periods of Nenjiang Formation and Paleogene–Neogene.The traps evolved in three stages:the late Yingcheng Formation,the late Quantou Formation and the late Nenjiang Formation,forming structural and structural-lithologic reservoirs.It is concluded that good source-reservoir-caprock assemblage,late hydrocarbon charging,short migration distance and stable tectonic setting are favorable factors for the formation of oil reservoirs.

关键词： petroleum system Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation Cretaceous Denglouku Formation source rock reservoir oil accumulation Shuangcheng area Songliao Basin

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petroleum systems of the Taoudeni Basin,West Africa

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petroleum Science 2008年第1期5卷 24-30页

作者： Huang Zhilong Zhao Baoshun Jiang Qingchun Wang Songpo Liu Bo Key Laboratory for Hydrocarbon Accumulation China University of Petroleum Ministry of Education Beijing 102249China

The Taoudeni Basin is a typical steady intracratonic basin. Based on the distribution of effective source rocks in the Taoudeni Basin, combined with the structure characteristics of the basin and the distribution characteristics of reservoir beds, two petroleum systems are recognized in the basin： the infra-Cambrian petroleum system and the Silurian petroleum system. Structural uplift and timing of petroleum generation controlled the timing of petroleum charging and preservation of hydrocarbon accumulations. Maturity, evolution history, and distribution of effective source rocks controlled hydrocarbon richness. The geological key factors and geological processes controlled the type of hydrocarbon accumulations.

关键词： Taoudeni Basin source-reservoir-cap rock assemblage petroleum system integrated analysis

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