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The Effect of COVID-19 on Cashless payments

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Journal of Sociology Study 2022年第6期12卷 227-238页

作者： Dmitry Ganzha University of Applied Sciences Burgenland BurgenlandAustria

The outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus(COVID-19)has impacted the whole world.To stop the virus’s spread,governments enforced regulations requiring face masks and social isolation and also promoted social seclusion,hand-washing,and other hygienic measures.People’s movements and consumption were significantly reduced as a result of government-imposed lockdowns,with internet purchasing overtaking in-store purchasing in a particularly noticeable way.Most importantly,people’s habits during times of restrictions and lockdowns seemed to reduce overall desire to do cash transactions.Cashless transactions became the most preferred option for daily payment as it helped reduce contact with others and prevent them from becoming infected.These factors contribute to future intentions to eliminate cash payments once the pandemic is ended as well as the choice of payment methods currently in use.Even after the pandemic,people are using digital cashless payments for their daily transactions.This study investigates the impact of the coronavirus on consumer demand for cash and cashless payments during the COVID-19 crisis and beyond.This study utilizes the secondary research method by employing the annual statistical report of European Central Bank(ECB)(2021).The data were extracted from the warehouse of ECB,and rigorous analysis was performed to assess the intentions of customers for using digital transactions for payments.In the study,a regression analysis shows that a greater increase in the number of cards used for payment per year occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic than before the pandemic.The study demonstrates that there was a significant correlation between the adoption of cashless payment systems and the restrictions imposed on consumers because of the pandemic.Customers prefer cashless transactions when there is a higher danger of infection while handling cash.

关键词： cashless payments COVID-19 pandemic cash digital payments regression analysis

payments for Ecosystem Services Incentives and Adoption of Land Use Interventions in Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania

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Agricultural Sciences 2018年第3期9卷 299-316页

作者： Lazaro Kagata Felister Mombo Fatihiya A. Massawe Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania Department of Forest & Environmental Economics College of Forest Wildlife & Tourism Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania Department of Policy Planning and Management College of Social Sciences and Humanities Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania

The role played by payments for ecosystem services (PES) in promoting land use interventions is increasingly being recognized as an important instrument for changing land use management worldwide. Despite the increase, adoption of land use interventions promoted by PES and factors influencing it are not well understood. This study was carried out to assess the adoption of land use interventions promoted by PES scheme four years after its implementation in the Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania. The specific objectives of this study were to assess the adoption and factors that influenced it. The study employed questionnaire survey method to collect data from 219 households selected randomly. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews were also conducted to complement information obtained through questionnaire surveys. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were employed. Binary logistic regression was used to analyse quantitative data obtained, while content analysis was applied to qualitative data. Results revealed that during the project implementation, 40% of the households did not adopt any of the promoted interventions. Unexpectedly, four years after the project ended, every household sampled had adopted the interventions. Households headed by younger heads and those with land ownership, households which received PES incentives and lived for a long time in the same area and those with more labour force and access to extension services were found to have adopted more interventions (p ≤ 0.05). Thus, the study concludes that socioeconomic characteristics, agricultural extension services and incentives initially provided to farmers are key factors influencing the adoption of land use interventions. Therefore, it is recommended to the government that it should support farmers to get land tenure and to provide them with more incentives to improve their farms through adopting technologies.

关键词： Ecosystem Services payments for Ecosystem Services Watersheds Land Use Interventions Incentives and Adoption

The Expected Discounted Tax payments on Dual Risk Model under a Dividend Threshold

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Open Journal of Statistics 2013年第2期3卷 136-144页

作者： Zhang Liu Aili Zhang Canhua Li College of Sciences Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang China School of Mathematics and Statistics Nanjing Audit University Nanjing China

In this paper, we consider the dual risk model in which periodic taxation are paid according to a loss-carry-forward system and dividends are paid under a threshold strategy. We give an analytical approach to derive the expression of gδ(u) (i.e. the Laplace transform of the first upper exit time). We discuss the expected discounted tax payments for this model and obtain its corresponding integro-differential equations. Finally, for Erlang (2) inter-innovation distribution, closedform expressions for the expected discounted tax payments are given.

关键词： Dual Risk Model Expected Discounted Tax payments Dividend Threshold Strategy

Expenditure of hospital care on cancer in China, from 2011 to 2015

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Chinese Journal of Cancer Research 2017年第3期29卷 253-262页

作者： Yue Cai Ming Xue Wanqing Chen Maogui Hu Zhiwen Miao Lan Lan Rongshou Zheng Qun Meng Center for Health Statistics and Information National Health and Family Planning Commission National Central Cancer Registry National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences West China School of Public Health Sichuan University

Objective: A solid understanding of levels and trends of spending on cancer is important to evaluate whether our healthcare resources were wisely spent and to prioritize future resources for cancer treatment and prevention. However, studies on economic burden of cancers in China are scant and the results are inconsistent. Methods: The Chinese hospital information database and nearly 350 million inpatient medical record data were used. As the ratios of cancer inpatient payments to total inpatient payments were mainly influenced by the grades and sites of hospitals, the estimates of payments of cancer inpatients in this study were stratified by hospital grades and provinces. Only the payments of cancer inpatients happened in grade 2, grade 3 and specialized cancer hospitals were included in the analyses. The total medical payments of cancers in China were estimated based on the ratios of outpatient payments to inpatient payments in specialized cancer hospitals. Results: From 2011 to 2015, the payments of cancer inpatients in China have increased by 84.1% and the total inpatient payments reached 177.1 billion RMB in 2015, accounting for 4.3% of the total health expenditure in China. Based on the ratio of outpatient payments to inpatient payments, the total payments on cancer treatments in China were estimated to be 221.4 billion RMB in 2015. Among different cancer types, the highest payments were the treatment of trachea, bronchus and lung cancer. The major cancer inpatient payments (67.1% in 2015) spent in grade 3 general hospitals and this ratio increased continually from 2011 to 2015. The expenditure of cancer treatments also varies by region with the major expenditure in the eastern region of China. Conclusions: This study estimated the total payments of cancer treatments in China and analyzed how the money was spent on cancer treatments in the recent 5 years, which would provide information for decision makings on the allocation of resources to service provisioning, prevention strategies, research funding, and

关键词： Cancer payments expenditure economic burden

Understanding the relationships between poverty alleviation and ecosystem conservation:empirical evidence from western China

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2020年第1期14卷 209-220页

作者： Xujun HU Huiyuan ZHANG Haiguang HAO Danyang FENG Haiyan LIU Qiang ZHANG State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental SciencesBeijing 100012China Environmental Policy Group Wageningen University and Research CenterWageningen 6700 EWThe Netherlands

Despite growing interest in the use of payments for Ecosystem Services(PES)for both social and ecological benefits,few studies have investigated the feedback and interaction between poverty alleviation and ecosystem protection outcomes.In this study,the poverty reduction effects of PES policies and their subsequent influence on environmental protection outcomes are investigated.To address these questions,222 local rural households who were involved in PES programs from the Habahu National Nature Reserve in western China were interviewed.The results showed that the social and ecological outcomes of PES policies are neither two separate entities nor a trade-off.While rural households are the key participants in PES programs,the social and ecological outcomes of PES policies are closely related to each other.In addition,poverty reduction results could greatly influence ecosystem conservation effects.Livelihood assets,as well as the attitudes of rural households,play important roles in both of the outcomes.This research provides a new perspective that considers the social and ecological benefits of PES policies,and it also calls for an integrated consideration of social and ecological components in tihe design of PES policies to achieve enhanced results both for poverty alleviation and ecosystem conservation.

关键词： payments for ecosystem services(PES) ecosystem protection poverty alleviation livelihood assets

Contemporary trends on expenditure of hospital care on total cancer and its subtypes in China during 2008-2017

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Chinese Journal of Cancer Research 2021年第5期33卷 627-636页

作者： Yue Cai Wanqing Chen Xiaoxu Wang Xue Xia Xiang Cui Shiyong Wu Jinghua Li School of Public Health Jilin UniversityChangchun 130021China Center for Health Statistics and Information National Health CommissionBeijing 100044China Office of Cancer Screening National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021China Department of Epidemiology Fuwai HospitalNational Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100037China

Objective:To describe the contemporary trends in total,inpatient,and outpatient expenditure on major subtypes of cancer in different classifications of hospitals in China's Mainland.Methods:Home page of Inpatient Medical Records(HIMRs)and Hospital Annual Reports(HARs)were used to estimate hospital care expenditure on cancer.Inpatient payments and their share of cancer were calculated with the top-down method.Kriging spatial interpolation methods were used at the county level and summed at the province level.Outpatient expenditure was estimated with inpatient expenditure and the ratios of outpatient to inpatient payments in specialized cancer hospitals,stratified by province.Total expenditure on cancer was the sum of both payments.Log-linear regression was applied to estimate annual percentage change(APC)of expenditure.Results:Total expenses for cancer of Chinese residents reached up to 304.84 billion Chinese Yuan(CNY)in2017,accounting for 5.8%of the total health expenses(THE).After adjusting for consumer price index(CPI),medical expenses for cancer have increased from 63.30 billion CNY in 2008 to 249.56 billion CNY in 2017[APC:15.2%,95%confidence interval(95%CI):13.4%-17.0%].The APC was slightly higher than THE around 2013,while was lower after 2013.During 2008-2017,the ratio of inpatient to outpatient costs for cancer decreased from4.3:1 to 3.8:1.The inpatient payments for cancer mainly happened in grade 3 general hospitals,East China,and among lung,colorectal,and stomach cancer;while the fastest increase was found in West China,and among thyroid,prostate,and colorectal cancer.Conclusions:During 2008-2017,the rapid growth trend of medical expenses for cancer has been effectively controlled with the continuous deepening of medical reform and improvements of residents’health care.More attention should be paid to potential increases of medical costs caused by technological progress and demand release.Socialized and multi-channel insurance financing modes should be explored in the future.

关键词： Cancer payments expenditure economic burden

A method to determine the spatial allocation standard of social ecological compensation

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2012年第2期22卷 283-300页

作者： ZHANG Wei ZHANG Hongye ZHANG Yifeng Institute of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences College of ScienceHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou 311121China Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Urban Wetlands and Regional Change Hangzhou 311121China Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CASBeijing 100101China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Ecological compensation is a hot subject in academic studies, and the determination of the spatial allocation of compensation payments is a key point in the research of ecological compensation. There are two kinds of thoughts in the determination of regional spatial allocation at present：＂evaluation of ecological construction cost＂ and ＂evaluation of ecosys- tem services value＂. This paper analyzes the relationships between social ecological com- pensation and regional socio-economic development, and establishes two econometric models with the data of 2007 from various provinces in China. Through these models, the impacts of geographical endowments on the regional socio-economic development in various provinces are analyzed from the social justice viewpoint and the concept of ＂equivalent value of geographical endowments＂（EGE for short） is proposed. This paper analyzes the application prospect of EGE in the policy making of regional ecological compensation. The results showed that：（1） the implementation of social ecological compensation is not only an effective guarantee for each region to obtain the equal rights of survival, development and decent environment, but also an essential assurance to the coordinated, balanced and sustainable development among various regions; （2） the regional difference in geographical endowments is an important factor affecting the regional spatial variation of socio-economic development. Therefore, geographical endowments are important bases for the determination of the spatial allocation of compensation payments in social ecological compensation; （3） based on the EGE, the government can determine the spatial allocation of social ecological compensation scientifically, and avoid the ＂sweeping approach＂ phenomenon in the policy making process of ecological compensation.

关键词： social ecological compensation geographical endowments spatial allocation payments social justice China

Enhancing the Social and Natural Capital of Canadian Agro-Ecosystems through Incentive-Based “Alternative Land Use Services” (ALUS) Programs: Recurring Themes and Emerging Lessons

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2019年第12期7卷 139-162页

作者： Robert France Jeffrey Campbell Kate Sherren Rural Research Centre Faculty of Agriculture Dalhousie University Halifax Canada School for Resource and Environmental Studies Dalhousie University Halifax Canada

Alternative Land Use Services (ALUS) is an incentive-based program established in Canada to pay farmers for their voluntary delivery of ecosystem services (ES). All seven ALUS programs across the country were examined using a standardized case-study approach based on site visits, reading internal documents, attending program meetings, and engaging in semi-structured interviews with program administrators, participating farmers, and advisory board members. Direct content analysis was used to highlight recurrent themes and emerging lessons in relation to the salient particulars of program physical location, administration framework, delivery of ES, and development and receipt by communities. Our three major findings are: 1) Overall, ALUS has been judged by participants to be a very successful program, whose strength is that it is completely voluntary, non-permanent, and readily adaptable to each location’s environmental conditions, economic funding base, and cultural milieu. 2) One serious shortcoming of all ALUS programs is a general lack of quantifiable data on their ability to increase ES. Instead, environmental benefits are either assumed or based on the idea that the areal extent of enrolled land is the sole measure of its environmental worth. 3) It may be that the social impact of ALUS is its greatest success. In this regard, for farmers, it is the process of engaging in land-use decision making and the recognition of their role as environmental stewards that is a bigger motivation for participating in an ALUS program than the modest financial incentives which they receive.

关键词： Agro-Ecosystem Services Incentive payments Grassroots Participation Natural and Social Capital

Investigating Challenges in Financing Contractors for Public Sector Projects in Ghana

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Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research 2017年第2期5卷 58-70页

作者： Prince Abrokwa Ofori Kwadwo Twumasi-Ampofo Joseph Agyei Danquah Ernest Osei-Tutu Safowaa Osei-Tutu CSIR-Building and Road Research Institute Kumasi Ghana

Contractors working with the Public sector encounter numerous challenges in financing projects in Ghana. The challenges which have persisted over the years are both financial and managerial. This paper seeks to ascertain the extent to which contractors’ challenges in acquiring funds to execute public sector projects have been solved. The study involved both qualitative and quantitative methods to ascertain the various strategies the contractors go through to obtain public sector projects focusing on the challenges associated with the project execution. The study revealed that delayed payments and inadequate cash flow on the part of government, lack of credit worthiness and inadequate collateral security from contractors are key determinants to challenges associated with financing public sector projects in Ghana. This paper recommends the establishment of a Construction Development Authority (CDA), within the Ministry of Works and Housing to develop financial plans, policies and laws for this important sector of the economy.

关键词： Public Sector Project Financing Delayed payments Performance and Contractor Classification