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Quantitative Analysis Method for Corrosion and patina Progression on Plumbing Components during Long-Term Connection Leaks from Potable Water Supply Systems

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World Journal of Engineering and Technology 2019年第1期7卷 100-113页

作者： Abel Crean Geo Hazards Inc. Gainesville FL United States of America

The modern field of Forensic Engineering evaluates the origin, cause, and duration of failed building components. As many failed components are subject to insurance claims and legal probes, a scientific methodology for evaluating such events is inherently valuable. Due to the potential for widespread interior finish damage, failed plumbing supply components are commonly encountered during forensic evaluations. Plumbing pipes?themselves and properly soldered fittings rarely fail. Consequently, many failures correspond to mechanical fittings which form connections from pipes to plumbing fixtures.?The results of this study provide a scientific methodology to evaluate the duration of connection leaks by quantifying the extent of corrosion, patina, and accumulated deposits on various components?by creating and evaluating slow plumbing supply component connection leaks.

关键词： Building Science Forensic Engineer Plumbing Leaks Corrosion patina

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当代首饰语言中patina的应用

当代首饰语言中patina的应用

作者：王晨曦鲁迅美术学院

学位级别：硕士

本文主要研究内容当代首饰语言中patina技术的应用,即金属着色技术。国内学术范畴现对patina技术记载甚少,我将首饰创作和绘画装置等艺术手段通过实验研究和文献收集整合,来给大家带来一个比较直接的方式了解patina的历史,原理和简单的... 详细信息

本文主要研究内容当代首饰语言中patina技术的应用,即金属着色技术。国内学术范畴现对patina技术记载甚少,我将首饰创作和绘画装置等艺术手段通过实验研究和文献收集整合,来给大家带来一个比较直接的方式了解patina的历史,原理和简单的制作方法,文章的大量篇幅介绍了patina的制作方法,他就像是一个说明书,通过阅读我的论文,便可以掌握基本的操作要领,并可以实现几种颜色的呈现,当然patina是实验艺术,随着对化学原理的学习和深入了解,我们对色彩的把握会更加精准,纹理也更多样性,可举一反三的实验出更多丰富的颜色样式。这无疑为首饰创作和艺术创作又打开了一道大门。一切艺术形式都离不开劳动者的发明创造,patina也是一样。他不是凭空出现的,是人们在制作金属制品的同时,发现大气对金属的腐蚀,于是人类开始模仿自然,也就出现了现在人工的金属染色技术——patina。我着重提到了日本的黑金技术和中国的铜镜,希望能帮助读者更好的理解patina的由来,当然欧洲国家也有相当多关于patina的记载,并且技术相当娴熟,并沿用至今仍然盛行。最后我结合了我的作品具体谈了一下patina在我的艺术创作中的应用,其中包括综合绘画、首饰和装置,patina的应用是广泛的,我想表述的是patina是一种艺术语言,掌握了这个技能,我们可以将它运用到各种我们想要表现的艺术形式,因为艺术是相通的。

关键词： patina 方法应用作品

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漆画创作中patina植入与表现

明日风尚 2017年第13期 358-358页

作者：王晨曦鲁迅美术学院

天然大漆是一种有着久远历史的材料,而漆画却是近现代出现的绘画种类,但受着漆器根深蒂固的形象的影响,漆画的整体面貌相对传统。无论是对材料的运用和技法的要求,都时时刻刻离不开漆器造型的束缚,甚至对漆画的表面平整度或是光亮度提... 详细信息

天然大漆是一种有着久远历史的材料,而漆画却是近现代出现的绘画种类,但受着漆器根深蒂固的形象的影响,漆画的整体面貌相对传统。无论是对材料的运用和技法的要求,都时时刻刻离不开漆器造型的束缚,甚至对漆画的表面平整度或是光亮度提出了严苛的要求,这显然违背了艺术创作的本意,本文就漆画创作材料的植入与表现展开话题,以patina的技法为主要研究,结合我自己的漆画创作来具体的探讨这个问题。在我个人的漆画作品(图1)中植入了铜片,

关键词：漆画创作 patina

Bacteriological challenges to asbestos cement water distribution pipelines

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2010年第8期22卷 1203-1208页

作者： Dunling Wang D. Roy Cullimore Centre for Sustainable Infrastructure Research Institute for Research in Construction National Research Council Canada 6 Research Drive Regina SK S4S 7J7 Canada Droycon Bioconcepts Inc. 315 Dewdney Avenue Regina SK S4N 0E7 Canada

Asbestos cement （AC） pipes were commonly installed in the drinking water distribution systems from the mid 1920s to the late 1980s. In recent years, an increase in the number of water main breaks has occurred in the AC portions of some pipe networks, which can be partially attributed to the corrosion of the aged pipes. This study evaluated the potential role that microorganisms may have played in the degeneration and failure of AC pipes. In this study, a fresh AC pipe section was collected from the distribution network of the City of Regina, Canada and examined for microbiological activities and growth on inside surfaces of pipe sample. Black slime bacterial growths were found to be attached to inner pipe surfaces and a distinctively fibrous internal coating （patina） with iron oxides was formed over the time. The microbial populations inside the patina and the black slime were tested with BART^TM testers. Heterotrophic aerobic bacteria （HAB） and slime forming bacteria （SLYM） dominated in both the black growths and inside the patina. Iron related bacteria, denitrification bacteria and sulfate reducing bacteria were also commonly present. Microbial challenge assays were conducted by submerging the cut segments of the AC pipe into selected bacterial cultures for a period of 10 days under both aerobic and anaerobic environments. Weight changes were determined and the surface morphology was examined for each of the assayed pipe segments. Results indicated that acid producing bacteria, SLYM and HAB could facilitate the pipe weight loss under anaerobic environments.

关键词： asbestos cement pipes drinking water distribution network bacteriological challenges biofilms patina

Protective Green patinas on Copper in Outdoor Constructions

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2011年第7期2卷 956-959页

作者： Yolanda Hedberg Inger Odnevall Wallinder 不详

The last 15 years of research related to atmospheric corrosion and the release of copper to the environment are shortly summarized. Brown and green patinas with high barrier properties for corrosion are gradually evolved on copper at atmospheric conditions. The corrosion process and repeated dry and wet cycles results in a partial dissolution of corrosion products within the patina. Dissolved copper can be released and dispersed into the environment via the action of rainwater, however the major part is rearranged within the patina during drying cycles. The majority of corrosion products formed have a poor solubility, very different from water soluble copper salts. The release process is very slow and takes place independent of patina color. Its extent has only a marginal effect on the adherent patina. Released copper rapidly interacts with organic matter and in contact with different surfaces already in the close vicinity of the building, such as drainage systems, storm water pipes, pavements, stone materials and soil systems. These surfaces all have high capacities to retain copper in the runoff water and to reduce its concentration and chemical form to non-available and non-toxic levels for aquatic organisms.

关键词： Copper Runoff patina

Determining the Authenticity of Artifacts by Oxygen Isotope Analysis

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Open Journal of Geology 2013年第4期3卷 313-321页

作者： Joel Kronfeld Amnon Rosenfeld Howard R. Feldman Division of Paleontology (Invertebrates) American Museum of Natural History New York USA

A technique used to determine the authenticity of artifacts that compares the oxygen isotopic composition of speleothems to the carbonate included within the patina of unprovenanced artifacts is of questionable value. The unprovenanced Jehoash Inscription Tablet and James Ossuary are of potentially immense historical and cultural importance. Nevertheless, they both were rejected by workers based on the oxygen isotope technique which provided the major foundational evidence of forgery in the longest running archaeological trial in Israel. Nevertheless, both these artifacts were determined not to be forged. The initial incongruence between the oxygen isotopes of the speleothems of the Soreq cave (Israel) purported to represent the unique composition of Jerusalem rainfall, and the patina on the artifacts, can be readily explained by the accretion of materials and geo-biochemical processes expected in normal patina formation in the Jerusalem region. The patina formation involves sporadic events in disequilibrium kinetic processes that are opposed to the equilibrium formation of speleothems in a sealed cave. Moreover, 23 of 56 patina samples (41%) on well-documented ancient artifacts from Israel yielded oxygen isotope values greater or lower than the expected speleothem values of -4 δ18O ‰ [PDB] to -6 δ18O ‰ [PDB]. Thus, the speleothem-patina correlation is invalid and the applied oxygen isotopes technique for determining the authenticity of patinas on artifacts is not a useful tool in the authentication of artifacts.

关键词： Oxygen Isotope patina Artifact Archaeology Speleothem

The Authenticity of the James Ossuary

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Open Journal of Geology 2014年第3期4卷 69-78页

作者： Amnon Rosenfeld Howard R. Feldman Wolfgang E. Krumbein Geological Survey of Israel (Emeritus) Jerusalem Israel Geomicrobiology ICBM Carl von Ossietzky Universitaet Oldenburg Germany Lander College for Women The Anna Ruth and Mark Hasten School A Division of Touro College New York USA

An archaeometric analysis of the James Ossuary inscription “James Son of Joseph Brother of Jesus” strengthens the contention that the ossuary and its engravings are authentic. The beige patina can be observed on the surface of the ossuary, continuing gradationally into the engraved inscription. Fine long striations made by the friction of falling roof rocks continuously crosscut the letters. Many dissolution pits are superimposed on several of the letters of the inscription. In addition to calcite and quartz, the patina contains the following minerals: apatite, whewellite and weddelite (calcium oxalate). These minerals result from the biogenic activity of microorganisms that require a long period of time to form a bio-patina. Moreover, the heterogeneous existence of wind-blown microfossils (nannofossils and foraminifers) and quartz within the patina of the ossuary, including the lettering zone, reinforces the authenticity of the inscription.

关键词： James Ossuary Archaeometric patina Cretaceous Nari Geo-Microbiogenic Microfossils