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IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 2022年第11期9卷 1899-1908页

作者： Fei-Yue Wang The State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190Chi the Macao Institute of Systems Engineering Macao University of Science and TechnologyMacao999078China

An investigation and outline of MetaControl and DeControl in Metaverses for control intelligence and knowledge automation are presented.Prescriptive control with prescriptive knowledge and parallel philosophy is proposed as the starting point for the new control philosophy and technology,especially for computational control of metasystems in cyberphysical-social systems.We argue that circular causality,the generalized feedback mechanism for complex and purposive systems,should be adapted as the fundamental principle for control and management of metasystems with metacomplexity in metaverses.Particularly,an interdisciplinary approach is suggested for MetaControl and DeControl as a new form of intelligent control based on five control metaverses:MetaVerses,MultiVerses,InterVerses,TransVerse,and DeepVerses.

关键词： MetaControl MetaSystems Metaverses CPSS DAO DeControl Prescriptive Control parallel Control Computational Control Knowledge Automation Control intelligence parallel intelligence

Steps Toward Industry 5.0:Building“6S”parallel Industries With Cyber-Physical-Social intelligence

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IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 2023年第8期10卷 1692-1703页

作者： Xingxia Wang Jing Yang Yutong Wang Qinghai Miao Fei-Yue Wang Aijun Zhao Jian-Ling Deng Lingxi Li Xiaoxiang Na Ljubo Vlacic School of Artificial intelligence University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China State Key Laboratory of Multimodal Artificial intelligence Systems Institute of AutomationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China IEEE Macao University of Science and Technology Macao 999078China Beijing Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Systems and Technology Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100098 State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China North Automatic Control Technology Institute Taiyuan 030006China China Huaneng Group Co. Ltd.Beijing 100031China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis(IUPUI)IndianapolisIN 46202 USA Department of Engineering University of CambridgeCambridgeCB21PZUK School of Engineering and Built Environment Griffith UniversityGold CoastQLD 4222Australia

Very recently,intensive discussions and studies on Industry 5.0 have sprung up and caused the attention of researchers,entrepreneurs,and policymakers from various sectors around the world.However,there is no consensus on why and what is Industry 5.0 yet.In this paper,we define Industry 5.0from its philosophical and historical origin and evolution,emphasize its new thinking on virtual-real duality and human-machine interaction,and introduce its new theory and technology based on parallel intelligence(PI),artificial societies,computational experiments,and parallel execution(the ACP method),and cyber-physical-social systems(CPSS).Case studies and applications of Industry 5.0 over the last decade have been briefly summarized and analyzed with suggestions for its future development.We believe that Industry 5.0 of virtual-real interactive parallel industries has great potentials and is critical for building smart societies.Steps are outlined to ensure a roadmap that would lead to a smooth transition from CPS-based Industry 4.0 to CPSS-based Industry 5.0 for a better world which is Safe in physical spaces,S ecure in cyberspaces,Sustainable in ecology,Sensitive in individual privacy and rights,Service for all,and Smartness of all.

关键词： ACP artificial intelligence CPS CPSS Industry 4.0 Industry 5.0 parallel industries parallel intelligence

Steps toward parallel intelligence

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IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 2016年第4期3卷 345-348页

作者： Fei-Yue Wang Xiao Wang Lingxi Li Li Li IEEE State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems (SKL-MCCS) Institute of AutomationChinese Academy of Sciences (CASIA) Research Center of Computational Experiments and parallel Systems the National University of Defense Technology Qingdao Academy of Intelligent Industries (QAII) QingdaoShandongChinaand SKL-MCCSCASIA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Purdue School of Engineering and TechnologyIndiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Department of Automation Tsinghua University Jiangsu Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Urban Traffic Technologies

The origin of artificial intelligence is investigated,based on which the concepts of hybrid intelligence and parallel intelligence are presented.The paradigm shift in intelligence indicates the "new normal" of cyber-social-physical systems(CPSS),in which the system behaviors are guided by Merton's Laws.Thus,the ACP-based parallel intelligence consisting of Artificial societies,Computational experiments and parallel execution are introduced to bridge the big modeling gap in CPSS.

关键词： Artificial intelligence hybrid intelligence parallel intelligence cyber-social-physical systems ACP

parallel Factories for Smart Industrial Operations:From Big AI Models to Field Foundational Models and Scenarios Engineering

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IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 2022年第12期9卷 2079-2086页

作者： Jingwei Lu Xingxia Wang Xiang Cheng Jing Yang Oliver Kwan Xiao Wang Qingdao Academy of Intelligent Industries Qingdao 266114 The State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China School of Artificial intelligence University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190 Motion G Inc.Singapore 068898Singapore IEEE School of Artificial intelligence Anhui UniversityHefei 230031

The rapid advancement of fundamental theories and computing capacity has brought artificial intelligence,internet of things, extended reality, and many other new intelligent technologies into our daily lives. Due to the lack of interpretability and reliability guarantees, it is extremely challenging to apply these technologies directly to real-world industrial systems. Here we present a new paradigm for establishing parallel factories in metaverses to accelerate the deployment of intelligent technologies in real-world industrial systems: QAII-1.0. Based on cyber-physical-social systems,QAII-1.0 incorporates complex social and human factors into the design and analysis of industrial operations and is capable of handling industrial operations involving complex social and human behaviors. In QAII-1.0, a field foundational model called Eu Artisan combined with scenarios engineering is developed to improve the intelligence of industrial systems while ensuring industrial interpretability and reliability. Finally, parallel oil fields in metaverses are established to demonstrate the operating procedure of QAII-1.0.

关键词： Cyber-physical-social system(CPSS) Industry5.0 Metaverses parallel factories parallel intelligence

parallel Sensing in Metaverses: Virtual-Real Interactive Smart Systems for “6S” Sensing

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IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 2022年第12期9卷 2047-2054页

作者： Yu Shen Yuhang Liu Yonglin Tian Xiaoxiang Na School of Artificial intelligence University of Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijing 100190China IEEE The State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Department of Engineering University of CambridgeTrumpington StreetCB21PZUnited Kingdom

In the construction of Metaverses,sensors that are referred to as the“bridge of information transmission”,play a key role.The functionality and efficiency of today’s sensors,which operate in a manner similar to physical sensing,are frequently constrained by their hardware and software.In this research,we proposed the parallel Sensing framework,which includes background,concept,basic methods and typical application of parallel sensing.In our formulation,sensors are redefined as the integration of real physical sensors and virtual software-defined sensors based on parallel intelligence,in order to boost the performance of the sensors.Each sensor will have a parallel counterpart in the virtual world within the framework of parallel sensing.Digital sensors serve as the brain of sensors and maintain the same properties as physical sensors.parallel sensing allows physical sensors to operate in discrete time periods to conserve energy,while cloud-based descriptive,predictive,and prescriptive sensors operate continuously to offer compensation data and serve as guardians.To better illustrate parallel sensing concept,we show some example applications of parallel sensing such as parallel vision,parallel point cloud and parallel light fields,both of which are designed by construct virtual sensors to extend small real data to virtual big data and then boost the performance of perception models.Experimental results demonstrate the effective of parallel sensing framework.The interaction between the real and virtual worlds enables sensors to operate actively,allowing them to intelligently adapt to various scenarios and ultimately attain the goal of“Cognitive,parallel,Crypto,Federated,Social and Ecologic”6S sensing.

关键词： parallel Sensing parallel intelligence CPSS Metaverses Virtual and Real Interaction “6S”Sensing.

Social Energy:Mining Energy From the Society

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IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 2017年第3期4卷 466-482页

作者： Jun Jason Zhang David Wenzhong Gao Yingchen Zhang Xiao Wang Xiangyang Zhao Dongliang Duan Xiaoxiao Dai Jun Hao Fei-Yue Wang Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Ritchie School of Engineering and Computer ScienceUniversity of Denver IEEE National Renewable Energy Laboratory Qingdao Academy of Intelligent Industries(QAII) QingdaoShandongChinaand SKL-MCCSCASIA School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering Beihang University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering College of Engineering and Applied ScienceUniversity of Wyoming State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems Institute of AutomationChinese Academy of Sciences(SKL-MCCSCASIA) Research Center of Computational Experiments and parallel Systems National University of Defense Technology

The inherent nature of energy,i.e.,physicality,sociality and informatization,implies the inevitable and intensive interaction between energy systems and social systems.From this perspective,we define "social energy" as a complex sociotechnical system of energy systems,social systems and the derived artificial virtual systems which characterize the intense intersystem and intra-system interactions.The recent advancement in intelligent technology,including artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies,sensing and communication in Internet of Things technologies,and massive high performance computing and extreme-scale data analytics technologies,enables the possibility of substantial advancement in socio-technical system optimization,scheduling,control and management.In this paper,we provide a discussion on the nature of energy,and then propose the concept and intention of social energy systems for electrical power.A general methodology of establishing and investigating social energy is proposed,which is based on the ACP approach,i.e., "artificial systems"(A), "computational experiments"(C) and "parallel execution"(P),and parallel system methodology.A case study on the University of Denver(DU) campus grid is provided and studied to demonstrate the social energy concept.In the concluding remarks,we discuss the technical pathway,in both social and nature sciences,to social energy,and our vision on its future.

关键词： ACP distribution locational marginal pricing intelligent operation in power systems parallel control parallel intelligence parallel management social energy socio-technical energy systems

Generative Adversarial Networks:Introduction and Outlook

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IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 2017年第4期4卷 588-598页

作者： Kunfeng Wang Chao Gou Yanjie Duan Yilun Lin Xinhu Zheng Fei-Yue Wang IEEE State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao Academy of Intelligent Industries State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems Institute of AutomationChinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Minnesota Research Center for Computational Experiments and parallel Systems Technology National University of Defense Technology

Recently, generative adversarial networks(GANs)have become a research focus of artificial intelligence. Inspired by two-player zero-sum game, GANs comprise a generator and a discriminator, both trained under the adversarial learning idea.The goal of GANs is to estimate the potential distribution of real data samples and generate new samples from that distribution.Since their initiation, GANs have been widely studied due to their enormous prospect for applications, including image and vision computing, speech and language processing, etc. In this review paper, we summarize the state of the art of GANs and look into the future. Firstly, we survey GANs' proposal background,theoretic and implementation models, and application fields.Then, we discuss GANs' advantages and disadvantages, and their development trends. In particular, we investigate the relation between GANs and parallel intelligence,with the conclusion that GANs have a great potential in parallel systems research in terms of virtual-real interaction and integration. Clearly, GANs can provide substantial algorithmic support for parallel intelligence.

关键词： ACP approach adversarial learning generative adversarial networks(GANs) generative models parallel intelligence zero-sum game

parallel Dispatch:A New Paradigm of Electrical Power System Dispatch

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IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 2018年第1期5卷 311-319页

作者： Jun Jason Zhang Fei-Yue Wang Qiang Wang Dazhi Hao Xiaojing Yang David Wenzhong Gao Xiangyang Zhao Yingchen Zhang Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Ritchie School of Engineering and Computer Science University of Denver Denver 80210 CO USA State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Science (SKL-MCCS CASIA) Beijing 100190 China Research Center of Computational Experiments and parallel Systems The National University of Defense Technology Changsha 410073 China State Grid Tianjin Electric Power Company Tianjin 300010 China School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 China National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA IEEE

Modern power systems are evolving into sociotechnical systems with massive complexity, whose real-time operation and dispatch go beyond human capability. Thus,the need for developing and applying new intelligent power system dispatch tools are of great practical significance. In this paper, we introduce the overall business model of power system dispatch, the top level design approach of an intelligent dispatch system, and the parallel intelligent technology with its dispatch applications. We expect that a new dispatch paradigm,namely the parallel dispatch, can be established by incorporating various intelligent technologies, especially the parallel intelligent technology, to enable secure operation of complex power grids,extend system operators' capabilities, suggest optimal dispatch strategies, and to provide decision-making recommendations according to power system operational goals.

关键词： ACP knowledge automation power dispatch parallel dynamic programming parallel intelligence paralle learning situational awareness

parallel Control for Continuous-Time Linear Systems:A Case Study

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IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 2020年第4期7卷 919-928页

作者： Qinglai Wei Hongyang Li Fei-Yue Wang the State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems Institute of AutomationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190 the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 Qingdao Academy of Intelligent Industries Qingdao 266109China the Institute of Systems Engineering Macao University of Science and Technology

In this paper,a new parallel controller is developed for continuous-time linear systems.The main contribution of the method is to establish a new parallel control law,where both state and control are considered as the input.The structure of the parallel control is provided,and the relationship between the parallel control and traditional feedback controls is presented.Considering the situations that the systems are controllable and incompletely controllable,the properties of the parallel control law are analyzed.The parallel controller design algorithms are given under the conditions that the systems are controllable and incompletely controllable.Finally,numerical simulations are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the present method.Index Terms-Continuous-time linear systems,digital twin,parallel controller,parallel intelligence,parallel systems.

关键词： Index Terms—Continuous-time linear systems digital twin parallel controller parallel intelligence parallel systems

Robotic Intra-Operative Ultrasound:Virtual Environments and parallel Systems

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IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 2021年第5期8卷 1095-1106页

作者： Shuangyi Wang James Housden Tianxiang Bai Hongbin Liu Junghwan Back Davinder Singh Kawal Rhode Zeng-Guang Hou Fei-Yue Wang the State Key Laboratory of Management and Control of Complex Systems Chinese Academy of SciencesInstitute of AutomationBeijing 100190China the School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences King’s College LondonLondon SE17EHUK the Xtronics Ltd.Gravesend DA122ADUK

Robotic intra-operative ultrasound has the potential to improve the conventional practice of diagnosis and procedure guidance that are currently performed manually.Working towards automatic or semi-automatic ultrasound,being able to define ultrasound views and the corresponding probe poses via intelligent approaches become crucial.Based on the concept of parallel system which incorporates the ingredients of artificial systems,computational experiments,and parallel execution,this paper utilized a recent developed robotic trans-esophageal ultrasound system as the study object to explore the method for developing the corresponding virtual environments and present the potential applications of such systems.The proposed virtual system includes the use of 3 D slicer as the main workspace and graphic user interface(GUI),Matlab engine to provide robotic control algorithms and customized functions,and PLUS(Public software Library for Ultra Sound imaging research)toolkit to generate simulated ultrasound images.Detailed implementation methods were presented and the proposed features of the system were explained.Based on this virtual system,example uses and case studies were presented to demonstrate its capabilities when used together with the physical TEE robot.This includes standard view definition and customized view optimization for pre-planning and navigation,as well as robotic control algorithm evaluations to facilitate real-time automatic probe pose adjustments.To conclude,the proposed virtual system would be a powerful tool to facilitate the further developments and clinical uses of the robotic intra-operative ultrasound systems.

关键词： Medical robots parallel intelligence parallel systems robotic-assisted surgery robotic ultrasound