Pheochromocytomas are tumors arising from the chromaffin cell of the adrenal gland and paragangliomas as tumors from extra-adrenal sympathetic chromaffin *** combined yearly incidence of pheochromocytoma and paragangl...
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Pheochromocytomas are tumors arising from the chromaffin cell of the adrenal gland and paragangliomas as tumors from extra-adrenal sympathetic chromaffin *** combined yearly incidence of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma(PPGL)is approximately 0.8 per 100000 person/*** pheochromocytoma is defined only by the presence of metastasis,as there is no confirmatory histology or *** most common metastatic sites of these chromaffin tumors are the lymph node,bone,lungs,and *** review focuses on relevant clinical and immunohistological factors that are predictive of malignant PPGL or metastasis and determinants of *** showed that the risk of malignant PPGL,along with disease survival,is closely associated with age,primary tumor size,gender,synchronous metastasis,and absence of surgical *** essential biomarkers or immunohistology investigated were galectin-3,COX-2,nm-23,microRNA-210,ERBB-2 overexpression and succinate dehydrogenase subunit mutation,which were predictive of malignancy as well as disease *** resection is possible but most metastatic diseases are amenable to radiopharmaceuticals and chemotherapy due to late *** therapeutic options,like molecular-targeted therapy,are still undergoing clinical trials.
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