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产业经济 2024年第4期

作者：李鹏升陈艳莹

高质量卖家认证是缓解网上市场信息不对称问题的一种重要机制，本文针对当前网上市场平台纷纷利用自身大数据优势引入平台主导型认证机制的现象，首次从平台商业生态系统收益最大化角度出发，考察了平台主导型认证机制的选择问题。研究... 详细信息

高质量卖家认证是缓解网上市场信息不对称问题的一种重要机制，本文针对当前网上市场平台纷纷利用自身大数据优势引入平台主导型认证机制的现象，首次从平台商业生态系统收益最大化角度出发，考察了平台主导型认证机制的选择问题。研究发现，当卖家质量差异较小时，平台采用传统“主动—收费”型自愿认证模式的收益更高；当卖家质量差异较大，且认证成本较低时，平台采用“被动—免费”型认证模式的收益更高；当卖家质量差异增大或平台的外部性收益较大时，“被动—免费”型认证模式更易形成平台收益优势；与“主动—收费”型认证模式相比，平台采用“被动—免费”型认证时，认证标准可以设置得更低进而使更多的卖家留在市场中。

关键词：网上市场平台主导型认证外部性收益认证标准 “被动—免费”型以证 online market platform-led certification mechanism externality benefits certification standards "passive-free" certification

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The safety,efficacy and pharmaceutical quality of male enhancement nutraceuticals bought online:Truth versus claim

引用

Journal of Integrative Medicine 2021年第3期19卷 232-242页

作者： Mohamed Ismail Nounou Heba AEassa Nada AHelal Khaled Aboul Fotouh Ihab Mansoor Isabel KLatz Cindy Zheng Hadeer AEassa Dina Mohamed Diana MHuynh Abigail RWiss Jessica Sweeney Monica TOakes Mark MMikhail Nadine Amine Harshvir Kaur Natalia Echeverry Kamila Orzechowski Doreen Szollosi Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy&Physician Assistant Studies(SOPPAS)University of Saint Joseph(USJ)HartfordConnecticut 06103USA Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Faculty of PharmacyAL-Azhar UniversityCairo 11651Egypt Pharmaceutical Sciences Department Irma Lerma Rangel College of PharmacyTexas A&M Health Science CenterTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas 77843USA Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery College of PharmacyThe University of Texas at AustinTexas 78712USA Department of Pharmaceutics Faculty of PharmacyAssiut UniversityAssiut 71526Egypt Department of Pharmaceutics Faculty of PharmacyAlexandria UniversityAlexandria 21521Egypt Department of Public Health Sciences College of Health SciencesThe University of Texas at El PasoTX 79968USA Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute University of Sadat CitySadat 32897Egypt Department of Industrial Pharmacy Faculty of PharmacyAlexandria UniversityAlexandria 21521Egypt

Objective:Nutraceutical products are widely used for their claimed therapeutic ***,falsified or adulterated nutraceuticals present a major health threat to *** study investigates the pharmaceutical quality,safety and anti-inflammatory effects of six male enhancement nutraceuticals that claim to be 100%***:Three batches of six male enhancement products were tested to detect the presence and levels of adulterants via high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).The pharmaceutical quality of the selected nutraceuticals was tested with near infrared spectroscopy(NIR)and Se De *** cytotoxic effects of these products on HepG2 cells were determined through cell proliferation(XTT)and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)cytotoxicity ***,the in vitro inflammatory effects of these products were investigated using murine J774 macrophages through cytokine release ***:HPLC analysis detected the presence of sildenafil citrate,a vasodilator,and the active ingredient in Viagra and Revatio,in all batches of the products we *** of sildenafil citrate ranged from 0.45 mg to 51.85 mg among different *** assessment showed inter-and intra-batch heterogeneity in product *** of the XTT and LDH assays showed significant cytotoxic effects of the analyzed *** analysis revealed that the viability of HepG2 treated with tested products varied from 27.57%to 41.43%.Interestingly,the male enhancement products also showed anti-inflammatory ***:Despite their labeling as 100%natural,all products tested in this study contained levels of sildenafil citrate,which was not reported on the *** was a lack of pharmaceutical uniformity among products of the same batch and across different ***,the products we tested had cytotoxic *** study findings highlight the adulteration,poor quality and hazard of these ***,strict regulation of these product

关键词： Nutraceuticals Adulteration Erectile dysfunction Sildenafil citrate online market

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