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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2022年第6期49卷 1351-1363页

作者： LI Chaoliu YAN Weilin WU Hongliang TIAN Han ZHENG Jiandong YU Jun FENG Zhou XU Hongjun Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China Exploration and Development Research Institute of Daqing oilfield Co.Ltd. Daqing 163712China

The targeted reservoir,which is referred as the first member of Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in Gulong Sag,Songliao Basin,NE China,is characterized by the enrichment of clay and lamellation fractures.Aiming at the technical challenge of determining oil saturation of such reservoir,nano-pores were accurately described and located through focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy and quantitative evaluation of minerals by scanning electron microscopy based on Simandoux model,to construct a 4D digital core frame.Electrical parameters of the shale reservoir were determined by finite element simulation,and the oil saturation calculation method suitable for shale was proposed.Comparison between the results from this method with that from real core test and 2D nuclear magnetic log shows that the absolute errors meet the requirements of the current reserve specification in China for clay-rich shale reservoir.Comparison analysis of multiple wells shows that the oil saturation values calculated by this method of several points vertically in single wells and multiple wells on the plane are in agreement with the test results of core samples and the regional deposition pattern,proving the accuracy and applicability of the method model.

关键词： shale oil digital core well log interpretation oil saturation Qingshankou Formation Gulong Sag Songliao Basin

Numerical simulation of the dynamic migration mechanism and prediction of saturation of tight sandstone oil

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第1期67卷 179-195页

作者： Gaohui CAO Mian LIN Likuan ZHANG Lili JI Wenbin JIANG Institute of Mechanics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China School of Engineering Science University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China

Quantitative characterization of tight sandstone oil migration and accumulation is an emerging research frontier in the field of oil and gas exploration.In this study,a conceptual model containing multiple basic geological elements is developed,and a nonlinear seepage numerical model for tight sandstone oil migration and accumulation is established.The effects of the slip effect,overpressure driving force,buoyancy,and capillary force on the migration and accumulation of tight oil are examined.The results showed that(1)the differences in oil migration and accumulation between tight and conventional reservoirs are reflected in the growth mode of oil saturation,distribution characteristics of oil and water,and extent of the effect of the formation dip angle;(2)the slip effect has a significant impact when the average pore throat radius is less than 150 nm and the overpressure driving force and capillary force are the main mechanical mechanisms controlling oil migration and accumulation in tight sandstone,while the coupling effect of buoyancy,capillary force,and overpressure driving force controls the upper and lower limits of oil saturation.Finally,a dimensional and dimensionless identification chart for rapidly predicting the oil saturation of tight sandstone is proposed and verified using the measured data.This study provides a basis for analyzing the migration and accumulation mechanisms of tight sandstone oil and a new approach for predicting oil saturation.Additionally,we developed digital and visual analysis methods for the migration results,enriching the expression of the dynamics of hydrocarbon accumulation.

关键词： Tight sandstone Migration and accumulation Dynamics oil saturation Numerical simulation

Non-Darcy flow in oil accumulation (oil displacing water) and relative permeability and oil saturation characteristics of low-permeability sandstones

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Petroleum Science 2010年第1期7卷 20-30页

作者： Zeng Jianhui Cheng Shiwei Kong Xu Guo Kai Wang Hongyu State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China School of Natural Resources and Information Technology China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China CNPC Greatwall Drilling Company Beijing 100101 China

Hydrocarbon resources in low-permeability sandstones are very abundant and are extensively distributed. Low-permeability reservoirs show several unique characteristics, including lack of a definite trap boundary or caprock, limited buoyancy effect, complex oil-gas-water distribution, without obvious oil-gas-water interfaces, and relatively low oil （gas） saturation. Based on the simulation experiments of oil accumulation in low-permeability sandstone （oil displacing water）, we study the migration and accumulation characteristics of non-Darcy oil flow, and discuss the values and influencing factors of relative permeability which is a key parameter characterizing oil migration and accumulation in low-permeability sandstone. The results indicate that： 1） oil migration （oil displacing water） in low- permeability sandstone shows non-Darcy percolation characteristics, and there is a threshold pressure gradient during oil migration and accumulation, which has a good negative correlation with permeability and apparent fluidity; 2） With decrease of permeability and apparent fluidity and increase of fluid viscosity, the percolation curve is closer to the pressure gradient axis and the threshold pressure gradient increases. When the apparent fluidity is more than 1.0, the percolation curve shows modified Darcy flow characteristics, while when the apparent fluidity up＂ non-Darcy percolation curve; 3） oil-water is less than 1.0, the percolation curve is a ＂concave- two-phase relative permeability is affected by core permeability, fluid viscosity, apparent fluidity, and injection drive force; 4） The oil saturation of low- permeability sandstone reservoirs is mostly within 35%-60%, and the oil saturation also has a good positive correlation with the permeability and apparent fluidity.

关键词： Non-Darcy flow relative permeability oil saturation low-permeability sandstone

Testing oil saturation distribution in migration paths using MRI

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Testing oil saturation distribution in migration paths using...

QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATES OF oil LOSSES DURING MIGRATION,PARTⅡ:MEASUREMENT OF THE RESIDUAL oil saturation IN MIGRATION PATHWAYS

中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所2012年度（第12届）...

作者： Jianzhao Yan Xiaorong Luo Weimin Wang Fang Chen Renaud Toussaint Jean Schmittbuhl Guy Vasseur Likuan Zhang Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of Science School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science Peking University State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics.Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics Chinese Academy of Sciences IPGS(Institute de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg)CNRS(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) University of Strasbourg5 rue DescartesStrasbourg67000 France Key laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of Science

Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI) method allows to observe the distribution of different fluids in situ in porous media,and to measure oil and water saturation.Although this technique has great advantages compared to others,there remains large space for assessing the method and improving the accuracy of measurement. Using MRI,the oil secondary migration paths are scanned to measure the saturation distribution during the laboratory experiments.The resulting map can be calibrated using a device with the same pore structure as the probed sample and fully saturated with oil.This device is scanned with the probed sample at the same time in order to calibrate the saturation.The Spm-echo multi-slices sequence(SEMS) is adopted for MRI to ensure that the oil saturation in migration paths is accurately measured.The relevant spatial resolution of the mapping is defined according to the concept of REV(representative elementary volume).The oil saturation resulting from data obtained using different image formats are compared and the resulting saturation evaluation is compared to direct bulk saturation measurements.This comparison demonstrates that the calculated MRI oil saturation using DICOM image format is quite accurate,with a relative error less than 2%.

关键词： MRI oil saturation Calibration DICOM Migration path

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QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATES OF OIL LOSSES DURING MIGRATION,PARTⅡ...

Experimental Research on the Millimeter-Scale Distribution of oil in Heterogeneous Reservoirs

中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所2008学术年会

作者： G.Vasseur SISYPHE UMRBoite 123Universite Paris 675252 Paris Cedex 05France.

Recent experimental observations have demonstrated that losses of oil in a secondary migration pathway depend largely on the characteristics of the pathway itself.Accurate assessments of the residual saturation are required to quantify losses during migration.In the present paper,the authors report on experimental procedures designed to evaluate the oil saturation at various stages of the migrationlinvasion process.The experiments made use of both apparatuses filled with an artificial medium composed of glass beads,and cores composed of reservoir sandstones from oilfields in NE China.The saturation of residual oil in the pathways was measured by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Experiment results show that mobile oil continues to migrate in a porous medium when the supply of oil has been stopped,but that the migration pathway shrinks and may become disconnected into isolated segments.Once active migration ceases,the residual oil saturation varies significantly from location to location within a pathway,and the average residual oil saturation falls to 30-60%, depending on grain size and composition.A porous medium composed of large grains commonly contains large pores and pore throats and thus may correlate with low residual oil saturations.

关键词： secondary migration NMRI oil saturation migration pathways Hele-Shaw cell oil losses.

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Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing 2023年第6期19卷 1521-1534页

作者： Zhao Yu Exploration&Development Research Institute Daqing Oilfield CompanyDaqing163712China Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Reservoir Physics&Fluid Mechanics in Porous Media Daqing163712China

oil saturation is a critical parameter when designing oil field development plans.This study focuses on the change of oil saturation during water flooding.Particularly,a meter-level artificial model is used to conduct relevant experiments on the basis of similarity principles and taking into account the layer geological characteristics of the reservoir.The displacement experiment’s total recovery rate is 41.35%.The changes in the remaining oil saturation at a millimeter-scale are examined using medical spiral computer tomography principles.In all experimental stages,regions exists where the oil saturation decline is more than 10.0%.The shrinkage percentage is 20.70%in the horizontal well production stage.The oil saturation reduction in other parts is less than 10.0%,and there are regions where the oil saturation increases in the conventional water flooding stage.

关键词： Heterogeneous reservoir millimeter-scale oil saturation MSCT scan method oil displacement experiment

Simulation and Modelling of Water Injection for Reservoir Pressure Maintenance

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第9期72卷 5761-5776页

作者： Rishi Dewan Adarsh Kumar Mohammad Khalid Imam Rahmani Surbhi Bhatia Md Ezaz Ahmed Department of Physics University of Petroleum&Energy StudiesDehradun 248007UttarakhandIndia Department of Computer Science University of Petroleum&Energy StudiesDehradun 248007UttarakhandIndia College of Computing and Informatics Saudi Electronic UniversityRiyadh 11673Saudi Arabia Department of Information Systems College of Computer Science and Information TechnologyKing Faisal UniversityAl Hasa 36362Saudi Arabia

Water injection has shown to be one of the most successful,efficient,and cost-effective reservoir management strategies.By re-injecting treated and filtered water into reservoirs,this approach can help maintain reservoir pressure,increase hydrocarbon output,and reduce the environmental effect.The goal of this project is to create a water injection model utilizing Eclipse reservoir simulation software to better understand water injection methods for reservoir pressure maintenance.A basic reservoir model is utilized in this investigation.For simulation designs,the reservoir length,breadth,and thickness may be changed to different levels.The water-oil contact was discovered at 7000 feet,and the reservoir pressure was recorded at 3000 pounds per square inch at a depth of 6900 feet.The aquifer chosen was of the Fetkovich type and was linked to the reservoir in the j+direction.The porosity was estimated to be varied,ranging from 9%to 16%.The residual oil saturation was set to 25%and the irreducible water saturation was set at 20%.The vertical permeability was set at 50 md as a constant.Pressure Volume Temperature(PVT)data was used to estimate the gas and water characteristics.

关键词： Eclipse water injection reservoir modeling simulation oil saturation

The key parameter of shale oil resource evaluation: oil content

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Petroleum Science 2022年第4期19卷 1443-1459页

作者： Min Wang Ming Li Jin-Bu Li Liang Xu Jin-Xu Zhang State Key Laboratory of Shale oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development Beijing102206China SINOPEC Key Laboratory of Petroleum Accumulation Mechanisms WuxiJiangsu 214126China Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep oil and Gas QingdaoShandong 266580China School of Geoscience China University of Petroleum(East China)QingdaoShandong 266580China

The United States has become the world's largest oil producer of shale oil. China has abundant shale oil resources, but its resource potential has not yet been exploited. The core of the evaluation is the selection of parameters and their reliability. By combining the parameters of the shale oil resource evaluation, we investigated the key parameters in the evaluation model and reviewed the research results. The adsorption and retention of heavy hydrocarbons, loss of light hydrocarbons, and original oil saturation are key in the evaluation of shale oil resources. The adsorption and retention of heavy hydrocarbons can be determined by the pyrolysis, FID curve, and hydrocarbon generation kinetics of shale before and after extraction. The loss of light hydrocarbons mainly occurs in coring(change in temperature and pressure),sample treatment, which can be evaluated using the GC spectrum, rock pyrolysis, crude oil volume coefficient, mass balance, component hydrocarbon generation kinetics, and other methods. The original oil saturation evaluation includes indirect, direct, logging, and simulation methods. The most reliable parameters can be obtained by using the sealed or pressure-maintained coring immediately after thawing(without crushing), and the recovery of light hydrocarbon loss is critical for the resource evaluation of medium to high mature shale. Therefore, the experimental determination of shale oil content and the study of the influencing factors of the parameters should be strengthened.

关键词： Shale oil oil content oil saturation Light hydrocarbon recovery Resource evaluation

Shale porosity measurement by the saturated oil method: Removing the contribution from oils dissolved in kerogen

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Petroleum Science 2023年第6期20卷 3273-3279页

作者： Jin-Bu Li Min Wang Hao-Ming Shao Ming Li Liang Liu Shuang-Fang Lu National Key Laboratory of Deep oil and Gas China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao 266580ShandongChina Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Petroleum Accumulation Geology Xi'an 710000ShaanxiChina Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources(China University of Geosciences) Ministry of EducationWuhan 430074HubeiChina Sanya Offshore oil&Gas Research Institute Northeast Petroleum UniversitySanya 572025HainanChina

Shale porosity measurements have crucial scientific and economical applications in unconventionalpetroleum systems. As a standard technique, liquid saturation methods, including water saturation (WS)and oil saturation (OS), have been widely used to measure the porosity of many rock types. For clay-richshale reservoirs with high organic matter content, it is well known that the WS method may cause clayswelling and induce structural changes in the pore system. The OS method affects the accuracy ofporosity measurements because of some of the oil being dissolved by kerogen within the shale;however,this has not received sufficient research attention. In this study, we compare the previously reported andnewly tested OS porosities with helium (He) expansion porosity. Results show that OS porosity generallyexceeds the He porosity. Furthermore, the higher the total organic carbon (TOC) content and lower thematurity of shale, the greater the difference between the OS and helium porosities. When using the OSmethod, the effect of kerogen-dissolved oil causes an overestimation of the shale porosity by ~30%. To thebest of our knowledge, this is the first time to note the kerogen-dissolve oil effects on OS porosity. Herein,we propose a new, simple, and effective correction method for estimating OS porosity that involvessubtracting the kerogen-dissolved oil content from raw OS porosity. In addition, the quantification modelof kerogen-dissolved oil capacity is established, taking into account the abundance and maturity oforganic matter. Taking the He porosity as the benchmark, the absolute error of the corrected OS porositydoes not exceed 1% and the average relative error is only ~10%. The obtained results can help improve theaccuracy of shale porosity evaluation methods.

关键词： Shale Porosity oil saturation Kerogen-dissolved oil Water saturation

Petrophysical interpretations of subsurface stratigraphic correlations,Baram Delta,Sarawak,Malaysia

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能源地球科学(英文)

能源地球科学(英文) 2020年第3期1卷 100-114页

作者： Hisham Ben Mahmud Muhammad Hilmi Bin Muhammad Hisham Walid Mohamed Mahmud Van Hong Leong Mian Umer Shafiq Curtin University Malaysia CDT250Miri98000SarawakMalaysia Emerson Automation Solutions KlangSelangorMalaysia University of Tripoli TripoliLibya Xiamen University Malaysia Jalan SunsuriaBandar Sunsuria43900SepangSelangorMalaysia NFC IET Petroleum and Gas EngineeringMultanPakistan

Petrophysical well log data help to predict hydrocarbon reserves before field development which involves huge financial commitment.In this study,reservoir characterization was performed with a view to obtain information on the geological formation type and petrophysical parameters.Wireline log data obtained from five wells were used to develop a 3D model of X-field in the Baram Delta which was in turn evaluated using the PETREL software.Suites of gamma ray,sonic,density,resistivity and neutron logs aided the delineation and correlation of the sandstone formation.Fourteen hydrocarbon-bearing sands were defined from well log data and divided into two-reservoir zones,shallow and deep.Well correlation assisted in the delineation of the reservoir sands across the wells.The quality of the reservoir formation was evaluated from average petrophysical properties:with an average thickness of 62 m,an average porosity of 0.19,an average net-to-gross ratio of 0.068,an average V-shale of 0.45,and an average water saturation of 0.95.A rollover anticline structure was identified across the field using the fault as a description tool.Variation of petrophysical parameters and uncertainty in the reservoir properties were included to predict the effect on the volume of oil in place.This study revealed that the discovered hydrocarbon reserve resource accumulations in the Field X for the fourteen-mapped reservoir sands have a total proven reserve resource estimate of 740MMSTB at P90,655MMSTB at P50 and 593MMSTB at P10.Reservoirs A and B are the only intervals with the highest recoverable oil,a volume of 256MMSTB at P90,215MMSTB at P50 and 181MMSTB at P10,respectively.These analyses facilitated an improved reservoir description of shaly sandstone,which contributes to better planning of hydrocarbon re-development and future recovery,and thereby improving the energy supply security of the regions.

关键词： oil reserve Well logging Effective porosity Shale volume Water saturation oil saturation