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Carbon Supply and the Regulation of Cell Wa Synthesis

Molecular Plant 2018年第1期11卷 75-94页

作者： Jana Verbancic John Edward Lunn Mark Stitt Staffan Persson Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology Am Muhlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany School of Biosciences University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia

All plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall that determines the directionality of cell growth and protects the cell against its environment. Plant cell walls are comprised primarily of polysaccharides and represent the largest sink for photosynthetically fixed carbon, both for individual plants and in the terrestrial biosphere as a whole. Cell wall synthesis is a highly sophisticated process, involving multiple enzymes and metabolic intermediates, intracellular trafficking of proteins and cell wall precursors, assembly of cell wall polymers into the extracellular matrix, remodeling of polymers and their interactions, and recycling of cell wall sugars. In this review we discuss how newly fixed carbon, in the form of UDP-glucose and other nucleotide sugars, contributes to the synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, and how cell wall synthesis is influenced by the carbon status of the plant, with a focus on the model species Arabidopsis （Arabidopsis thaliana）.

关键词： carbon availability cell walls nucleotide sugars sucrose synthase

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Arabidopsis thaliana AtUTr7 Encodes a Golgi-Localized UDP-Glucose/UDP-Galactose Transporter that Affects Lateral Root Emergence

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Molecular Plant 2012年第6期5卷 1263-1280页

作者： Michael Handford Cecilia Rodriguez-Furlan Lorena Marchan Marcelo Segura Daniela Gomez Elena Alvarez-Buyllal Guang-Yan Xiong Markus Pauly Ariel Orellana Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences University of Chile Santiago Chile Present address: Department of Biochemistry University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1QW UK Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas Universidad Andres Bello Republica 217 Santiago Chile Present address: Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas Universidad AndrOs Bello Vina del Mar Chile Present address: Department of Pathobiology School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA Instituto de Ecologia UNAM Mexico City Mexico Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation

nucleotide sugar transporters （NSTs） are antiporters comprising a gene family that plays a fundamental role in the biosynthesis of complex cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins in plants. However, due to the limited number of related mutants that have observable phenotypes, the biological function（s） of most NSTs in cell wall biosynthesis and assembly have remained elusive. Here, we report the characterization of AtUTr7 from Arabidopsis （Arabidopsis thaliana （L.） Heynh.）, which is homologous to multi-specific UDP-sugar transporters from Drosophila melanogaster, humans, and Caenorhabditis elegans. We show that AtUTr7 possesses the common structural characteristics conserved among NSTs. Using a green fluorescent protein （GFP） tagged version, we demonstrate that AtUTr7 is localized in the Golgi apparatus. We also show that AtUTr7 is widely expressed, especially in the roots and in specific floral organs. Additionally, the results of an in vitro nucleotide sugar transport assay carried out with a tobacco and a yeast expression system suggest that AtUTr7 is capable of transferring UDP-Gal and UDP-GIc, but not a range of other UDP- and GDP-sugars, into the Golgi lumen. Mutants lacking expression of AtUTr7 exhibited an early proliferation of lateral roots as well as distorted root hairs when cultivated at high sucrose concentrations. Furthermore, the distribution of homogalacturonan with a low degree of methyl esterification differed in lateral root tips of the mutant compared to wild-type plants, although additional analytical procedures revealed no further differences in the composition of the root cell walls. This evidence suggests that the transport of UDP-Gal and UDP-GIc into the Golgi under conditions of high root biomass production plays a role in lateral root and root hair development.

关键词： nucleotide sugars nucleotide sugar transporters Golgi apparatus cell wall.

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