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Prediction of vertical displacement for a buried pipeline subjected to normal fault using a hybrid FEM-ANN approach

Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2024年第3期18卷 428-443页

作者： Hedye JALALI Reza YEGANEH KHAKSAR Danial MOHAMMADZADEH S. Nader KARBALLAEEZADEH Amir H.GANDOMI Department of Civil Engineering Architecture and UrbanismSadjad University of TechnologyPO Box ***MashhadIran Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of EngineeringEqbal Lahoori Institute of Higher EducationPO Box ***MashhadIran Faculty of Civil Engineering Architectureand ArtScience and Research Branch of Islamic Azad UniversityPO Box ***TehranIran Faculty of Engineering&Information Technology University of Technology SydneyUltimoNSW 2007Australia University Research and Innovation Center(EKIK) Óbuda UniversityBudapest 1034Hungary

fault movement during earthquakes is a geotechnical phenomenon threatening buried pipelines and with the potential to cause severe damage to critical infrastructures.Therefore,effective prediction of pipe displacement is crucial for preventive management strategies.This study aims to develop a fast,hybrid model for predicting vertical displacement of pipe networks when they experience faulting.In this study,the complex behavior of soil and a buried pipeline system subjected to a normal fault is analyzed by using an artificial neural network(ANN)to generate predictions the behavior of the soil when different parameters of it are changed.For this purpose,a finite element model is developed for a pipeline subjected to normal fault displacements.The data bank used for training the ANN includes all the critical soil parameters(cohesion,internal friction angle,Young’s modulus,and faulting).Furthermore,a mathematical formula is presented,based on biases and weights of the ANN model.Experimental results show that the maximum error of the presented formula is 2.03%,which makes the proposed technique efficiently predict the vertical displacement of buried pipelines and hence,helps to optimize the upcoming pipeline projects.

关键词： buried pipelines normal fault finite element method multilayer perceptron neural network formulation

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normal fault Slips of the March 2021 Greece Earthquake Sequence from InSAR Observations

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Journal of Geodesy and Geoinformation Science 2022年第1期5卷 50-59页

作者： Chuang SONG Chen YU Gauhar MELDEBEKOVA Zhenhong LI School of Engineering Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne NE17RUUK College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics Chang’an UniversityXi’an 710054China Key Laboratory of Western China’s Mineral Resources and Geological Engineering Ministry of EducationXi’an 710054China

In March 2021,a seismic sequence including three Mw>5.5 events struck northern Thessaly,Greece.Owing to the high temporal resolution of Sentinel-1 images which were sampled every 6 days and recorded the three events separately,we are able to map individually the coseismic deformation fields of the three events.Based on their respective coseismic displacements,we determined the geometry of the fault plane for each earthquake with the method of multipeak particle swarm optimization and inverted the best-fitting slip distribution by linear least squares inversion.Modelling results show that the three events occurred successively on 3,4 and 12 March 2021 were all dominated by normal-slip motions on previously unknown faults within the top 15 km of the Earth’s crust.The 3 March 2021 Mw 6.3 earthquake ruptured a northeast-dipping fault with a strike angle of 301°(clockwise from the North)and a dip angle of 46°,producing the maximum slip of about 2.2 m.The slip motion of the 4 March 2021 Mw 5.9 aftershock shows a similar fault geometry(striking 297°and dipping 42°)to the 3 March mainshock,but with a considerably smaller dip-slip component(~0.8 m).The 12 March 2021 Mw 5.6 aftershock occurred on a southwest-dipping fault(striking 100°and dipping 40°)with a normal fault slip of up to 0.5 m.Static Coulomb stress changes triggered by the earthquake sequence imply a promotion relationship between the first 3 March event and the two subsequent events.Due to the coseismic stress perturbation,more than 70%of aftershocks were distributed in areas with increased Coulomb stress and the northwest segment of the Larissa fault close to the seismic sequence was exposed to a relatively high seismic risk.

关键词： Greece earthquake InSAR normal fault slip distribution Coulomb stress

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Three-dimensional finite difference analysis of shallow sprayed concrete tunnels crossing a reverse fault or a normal fault: A parametric study

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2020年第4期14卷 998-1011页

作者： Masoud RANJBARNIA Milad ZAHERI Daniel DIAS Department of Geotechnical Engineering Faculty of Civil EngineeringUniversity of TabrizTabrizIran Schoo of Automotive and Transportation Engineering Hefei University of TechnologyHefei 230009China Universite Grenoble Alpes Grenoble F-38000France

Urban tunnels crossing faults are always at the risk of severe damages.In this paper,the efects of a reverse and a normal fault movement on a transversely crossing shallow shotcreted tunnel are investigated by 3D finite difference analysis.After verifying the accuracy of the numerical simulation predictions with the centrifuge physical model results,a parametric study is then conducted.That is,theleffects of various parameters such as the sprayed concrete thickness,the geo-mechanical properties of soil,the tunnel depth,and the fault plane dip angle are studied on the displacements of the ground surface and the tunnel structure,and on the plastic strains of the soil mass around tunnel.The results of each case of reverse and normal faulting are independently discussed and then compared with each other.It is obtained that deeper tunnels show greater displacements for both types of faulting.

关键词： urban tunnel sprayed concrete reverse fault normal fault finite difference analysis

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Late Cenozoic Activity of the Tashkurgan normal fault and Implications for the Origin of the Kongur Shan Extensional System, Eastern Pamir

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Journal of Earth Science 2020年第4期31卷 723-734页

作者： Shenqiang Chen Hanlin Chen School of Earth Sciences Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027China Department of Earth Sciences ETH ZurichZurich 8092Switzerland

In the northwest of the Himalayan-Tibetan Orogen, the ~250 km-long Kongur Shan extensional system in the eastern Pamir was formed during the convergence between the Indian and Asian plates. Tectonic activity of the Kongur Shan normal fault and the Tashkurgan normal fault can help to reveal the origin of east-west extension along the Kongur Shan extensional system. The Kongur Shan fault has been extensively studied, while the Tashkurgan fault calls for systemic research. In this study, low-temperature thermochronology including apatite fission track analysis and apatite and zircon(U-Th)/He analyses is applied to constrain the timing of activity of the Tashkurgan fault. Results indicate that the Tashkurgan fault initiated at 10–5 Ma, and most likely at 6–5 Ma. The footwall of the Tashkurgan fault has been exhumed at an average exhumation rate of 0.6–0.9 mm/a since the initiation of the Tashkurgan fault. Combined with previous research on the Kongur Shan fault, we believe that the origin of east-west extension along the Kongur Shan extensional system was driven by gravitational collapse of over-thickened Pamir crust.

关键词： Pamir Late Cenozoic extension normal fault low-temperature thermochronology

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fault-Growth Pattern of the South Margin normal fault of the Yuguang Basin in Northwest Beijing and its Influencing Factors

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2013年第3期87卷 707-719页

作者： WANG Lin TIAN Qinjian LI Dewen ZHANG Xiaoliang Institute of Geology China Earthquake Administration China Earthquake Disaster Prevention Center Institute of Earthquake Science China Earthquake Administration Institute of Crustal Dynamics China Earthquake Administration

Based on high-resolution remote sensing image interpretation, digital elevation model 3-D analysis, field geologic field investigation, trenching engineering, and ground-penetrating radar, synthetic research on the evolution of the Yuguang Basin South Margin fault （YBSMF） in northwest Beijing was carried out. We found that the propagation and growth of faults most often occurred often at two locations： the fault overlapping zone and the uneven or rough fault segment. Through detailed observation and analysis of all cropouts of faults along the YBSMF from zone a to zone i, we identified three major factors that dominate or affect fault propagation and growth. First, the irregularity of fault geometry determine the propagation and growth of the fault, and therefore, the faults always propagate and grow at such irregular fault segments. The fault finally cuts off and eliminates its irregularity, making the fault geometry and fault plane smoother than before, which contributes to the slipping movement of the half-graben block in the basin. Second, the scale of the irregularity of the fault geometry affects the result of fault propagation and growth, that is, the degree of the cutting off of fault irregularity. The degree of cutting off decreases as irregularity scale increases. Third, the maximum possible slip displacement of the fault segment influences the duration of fault propagation and growth. The duration at the central segments with a large slip displacement is longer than that at the end segments with a smaller slippage value.

关键词： normal fault fault propagation and growth fault overlapping zone irregular fault segment

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A model test on an open-cut tunnel structure under the effect of a stick-slip normal fault

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Railway Sciences 2022年第2期1卷 169-192页

作者： Zhiqiang Zhang Xingyu Zhu Ronghua Wei School of Civil Engineering Southwest Jiaotong UniversityChengduChina Key Laboratory of Transportation Tunnel Engineering Ministry of EducationSouthwest Jiaotong UniversityChengduChina

Purpose–Large displacement misalignment under the action of active faults can cause complex threedimensional deformation in subway tunnels,resulting in severe damage,distortion and misalignment.There is no developed system of fortification and related codes to follow.There are scientific problems and technical challenges in this field that have never been encountered in past research and practices.Design/methodology/approach–This paper adopted a self-designed large-scale active fault dislocation simulation loading system to conduct a similar model test of the tunnel under active fault dislocation based on the open-cut tunnel project of the Urumqi Rail Transit Line 2,which passes through the Jiujiawan normal fault.The test simulated the subway tunnel passing through the normal fault,which is inclined at 608.This research compared and analyzed the differences in mechanical behavior between two types of lining section:the opencut double-line box tunnel and the modified double-line box arch tunnel.The structural response and failure characteristics of the open-cut segmented lining of the tunnel under the stick-slip part of the normal fault were studied.Findings–The results indicated that the double-line box arch tunnel improved the shear and longitudinal bending performance.Longitudinal cracks were mainly distributed in the baseplate,wall foot and arch foot,and the crack position was basically consistent with the longitudinal distribution of surrounding rock pressure.This indicated that the longitudinal cracks were due to the large local load of the cross-section of the structure,leading to an excessive local bending moment of the structure,which resulted in large eccentric failure of the lining and formation of longitudinal cracks.Compared with the ordinary box section tunnel,the improved double-line box arch tunnel significantly reduced the destroyed and damage areas of the hanging wall and footwall.The damage area and crack length were reduced by 39 and 59.3%,respectively.This indicates that the improved double-li

关键词： normal fault Stick-slip Open-cut tunnel Model test Failure characteristics

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First Discovery of North-South Striking normal faults near the Potential Eastern End of Altyn Tagh fault

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Journal of Earth Science 2018年第1期29卷 182-192页

作者： Bo Zhang Daoyang Yuan Wengui He Wei Pang Pengtao Wang Ming Wu Lanzhou Institute of Seismology China Earthquake Administration Lanzhou 730000 China Institute of Geology China Earthquake Administration Beijing 100029 China Second Monitoring and Application Center China Earthquake Administration Xi'an 710054 China

The Altyn Tagh fault is the northern boundary of Tibetan Plateau. As one of the most well-known strike-slip fault in the world, great achievements on tectonic deformation and Late Qua- ternary slip rate have been made. However, there is a long-lasting debate on whether the Altyn Tagh fault extends into the Jinta Basin or even eastward. In this paper, we use satellite image interpretation, field investigation, trench excavation, and optical stimulated luminescence dating to study newly found NS striking scarps in the eastern end of Jinta Nan Shan. The results are as follows： firstly, a group of normal faults develop on terrace T2 of Heihe River, the total length amounts to -40 km, total scarp height is 304-5 m; secondly, four paleoseismic events have been interpreted from three trenches, approximate ages of events are 79.97±19.14 ka BP, 62.55±13.10~55.41±10.77 ka BP, before 16.89±2.08 ka BP, 8.52±1.49 ka BP, respectively; thirdly, just like NS normal faults in the western end of Altyn Tagh fault, the newly found NS extensional faults are likely the terminating tectonics of the eastern end of Altyn Tagh fault, the large Altyn Tagh fault may end in the eastern end of Jinta Nan Shan.

关键词： Altyn Tagh fault normal fault Jinta Nan Shan fault Heihe River paleoseismic events.

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犁式正断层(1istric normal fault)

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铀矿地质 1989年第5期 320-320页

作者：童航寿

犁式正断层也有称剥离断层(Denudational fault),它是一种倾角随深度变缓的低角度正断层,形态似犁状,故名为犁式正断层。其特点,上盘地层沿倾向下滑,较浅层位的年青岩层直接盖于较深层位的岩层之上,断层上陡,向下变平而联合成一个基底... 详细信息

犁式正断层也有称剥离断层(Denudational fault),它是一种倾角随深度变缓的低角度正断层,形态似犁状,故名为犁式正断层。其特点,上盘地层沿倾向下滑,较浅层位的年青岩层直接盖于较深层位的岩层之上,断层上陡,向下变平而联合成一个基底滑脱面,断层面

关键词：犁式正断层 normal fault 岩石

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Research advances on transfer zones in rift basins and their influence on hydrocarbon accumulation

能源地球科学(英文)

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能源地球科学(英文) 2023年第3期4卷 1-8页

作者： Yixin Yu Changgui Xu Xintao Zhang Lang Yu Xu Tang Fan Yang Yuemeng Niu Rui Yang State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of PetroleumBeijing102249China College of Geosciences China University of PetroleumBeijing102249China CNOOC Exploration Department Beijing100010China

Transfer zones are structural areas of faults interactions where fault motion or displacement can be transferred from one fault to another, regional strain maintains laterally constant. Transfer zones are widely developed in rift basins and have significance on hydrocarbon accumulation. In this review article, we attempt to summarize recent advances on the types, distance-displacement curves, evolutionary stages and controlling factors of transfer zones in rift basins and their effects on sedimentary systems, reservoir properties, trap formation and hydrocarbon migration. The formation of transfer zones is genetically related to the segmented growth of normal faults. Depending on the degree of interaction between these normal faults, transfer zones in rift basins could be divided into two types: soft-linked and hard-linked, which are further subdivided into transfer slope, oblique anticline, horst and transfer fault based on the combination patterns of normal faults. In general, the development of transfer zones experiences several stages including isolated normal faulting, transfer slope forming, complicating and breaking. During the interaction and growth of segmented normal faults, stress-strain and spatial array of faults, pre-existing basement structures, and mechanical conditions of rocks have a great influence on the location and development processes of transfer zones. A transfer zone is commonly considered as a pathway for conveying sediments from provenance to basin, and it hence exerts an essential control on the distribution of sandbodies. In addition, transfer zone is the area where stresses are concentrated, which facilitates the formation of various types of structural traps, and it is also a favorable conduit for hydrocarbon migration. Consequently, there exists great hydrocarbon potentials in transfer zones to which more attention should be given.

关键词： Transfer zone normal fault fault interaction Hydrocarbon accumulation Rift basin

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Surface Rupture of the 1515 Yongsheng Earthquake in Northwest Yunnan, and Its Seismogeological Implications

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2018年第4期92卷 1324-1333页

作者： HUANG Xiaolong WU Zhonghai WU Kungang Key Laboratory of Neotectonic Movement & Geohazard Ministry of Natural Resources Institute of Geomechanics Chinese academy of geological sciences School of Earth and Space Sciences Peking University

The 1515 M7/4 Yongsheng earthquake is the strongest earthquake historically in northwest Yunnan. However, its time, magnitude and the seismogenic fault have long been a topic of dispute. In order to accurately define those problems, a 1：50000 active tectonic mapping was carried out along the northern segment of the Chenghai-Binchuan fault zone. The result shows that there is an at least 25 km- long surface rupture and a series of seismic landslides distributed along the Jinguan fault and the Chenghai fault. Radiocarbon dating of the 14C samples indicates that the surface rupture should be a part of the deformation zone caused by the Yongsheng earthquake in the year 1515. The distribution characteristics of this surface rupture indicate that the macroscopic epicenter of the 1515 Yongsheng earthquake may be located near Hongshiya, and the seismogenic fault of this earthquake is the Jinguan- Chenghai fault, the northern part of the Chenghai-Binchuan fault zone. Striations on the surface rupture show that the latest motion of the fault is normal faulting. The maximum co-seismic vertical displacement can be 3.8 m, according to the empirical formula for the fault displacement and moment magnitude relationship, the moment magnitude of the Yongsheng earthquake was Mw 7.3-7.4. Furthermore, combining published age data with the 14C data in this paper reveals that at least four large earthquakes of similar size to the 1515 Yongsheng earthquake, have taken place across the northern segment of the Chenghai-Binchuan fault zone since 17190~50 yr. BP. The in-situ recurrence interval of Mw 7.3-7.4 characteristic earthquakes in Yongsheng along this fault zone is possibly on the order of 6 ka.

关键词： historical earthquake earthquake surface rupture normal fault Chenghai-Binchuan fault zone Southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau

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