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Exaptation at the molecular genetic level

Science China(Life Sciences) 2019年第4期62卷 437-452页

作者： Jürgen Brosius Institute of Experimental Pathology (ZMBE) Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation University of Münster Brandenburg Medical School (MHB)

The realization that body parts of animals and plants can be recruited or coopted for novel functions dates back to, or even predates the observations of Darwin. S.J. Gould and E.S. Vrba recognized a mode of evolution of characters that differs from adaptation. The umbrella term aptation was supplemented with the concept of exaptation. Unlike adaptations, which are restricted to features built by selection for their current role, exaptations are features that currently enhance fitness, even though their present role was not a result of natural selection. Exaptations can also arise from nonaptations; these are characters which had previously been evolving neutrally. All nonaptations are potential exaptations. The concept of exaptation was expanded to the molecular genetic level which aided greatly in understanding the enormous potential of neutrally evolving repetitive DNA—including transposed elements, formerly considered junk DNA—for the evolution of genes and genomes. The distinction between adaptations and exaptations is outlined in this review and examples are given. Also elaborated on is the fact that such distinctions are sometimes more difficult to determine; this is a widespread phenomenon in biology, where continua abound and clear borders between states and definitions are rare.

关键词： exaptation adaptation aptation neofunctionalization subfunctionalization non-protein coding RNA cooptation recruitment novel functional gene modules de novo genes retrogenes

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Pb-Stress Induced Oxidative Stress Caused Alterations in Antioxidant Efficacy in Two Groundnut (<i>Arachis hypogaea</i>L.) Cultivars

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Agricultural Sciences 2015年第10期6卷 1283-1297页

作者： Ambekar Nareshkumar Gounipalli Veeranagamallaiah Merum Pandurangaiah Kurnool Kiranmai Vennapusa Amaranathareddy Uppala Lokesh Boya Venkatesh Chinta Sudhakar Plant Molecular Biology Unit Department of Botany Sri Krishnadevaraya University Anantapur India

Lead (Pb) is an important environmental pollutant extremely toxic to plants and other living organisms including humans. To assess Pb phytotoxicity, a pot culture experiment was carried out using two groundnut cultivars (Arachis hypogaea L. cultivar K6 and cultivar K9) on plant growth, ROS levels, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant metabolism using biochemical, histochemical methods. Plants were grown in pots for 14 days, in the botanic garden, and subjected to Pb-stress (0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 ppm) by adding Pb (NO3)2 solution and further allowed to grow for 10 days. The results showed that cultivar K6 registered lower Pb accumulation than cultivar K9, however, localization of Pb was greater in roots than leaves in both groundnut cultivars. The Pb-stress results in an increase in free radicals (O2?- and H2O2) generation in both groundnut cultivars, but more significantly in cultivar K9 than K6. Pb-stress also caused significant changes in the rate of peroxidation as shown in the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) content in roots and leaves of both groundnut cultivars. Free proline, ascorbic acid (AsA) and non-protein thiol (NP-SH) contents were increased in cultivar K6 due to Pb-stress, but less in cultivar K9. Pb treated plants showed increased levels of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Isozyme band intensities of SOD, GPX and APX were more consistent with the respective changes in antioxidative enzyme activities. These results indicate that cultivar K6 possesses greater tolerance potential for Pb toxicity than cultivar K9.

关键词： Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Pb-Stress Oxidative Stress Antioxidant Enzymes non-protein Thiols Reactive Oxygen Species

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L-Homoarginine Accumulation in Grass Pea (<i>Lathyrus sativus</i>L.) Dry Seeds. A Preliminary Survey

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2011年第3期2卷 207-213页

作者： Angela Rose Piergiovanni Anna Damascelli 不详

Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) has great agronomic potential as grain and forage legume, and presently is con-sidered as a model crop for sustainable agriculture. However, the development into an important food legume has been hin- dered by the presence of the neurotoxic amino acid β-N-Oxalyl-α, β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP). Recent studies reported that homoarginine (Har) can counteract this toxic action. This research was undertaken to shed light on the variation of Har amount within grass pea. The influence of the environment and of the year-to-year variation of cli- matic conditions was also investigated. Seven Italian grass pea ecotypes were evaluated for two subsequent growing seasons in two locations of southern Italy. In contrast with previous studies collected data evidenced a significant variation of Har amount among the tested ecotypes. Moreover, a significant positive correlation between Har and ODAP level was observed. The effect of year-to-year variation of temperature and rainfall quantity is also discussed.

关键词： Capillary Zone Electrophoresis Ecotype Genetic Variation Lathyrus Sativus non-protein Amino Acids Rainfall Amount

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Comparative Assessment of Melatonin-Afforded Protection in Liver, Kidney and Heart of Male Mice against Doxorubicin Induced Toxicity

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2013年第8期4卷 590-598页

作者： Abdullah A. Alghasham Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics College of Medicine Qassim University Qassim KSA.

Melatonin (MEL) was investigated for protection against the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin (Dox) that is well known for its oxidative damage to various body organs. It was aimed to have a comparison of this protection to heart, liver and kidney in the treated subjects. In this study, groups of mice were treated with Dox and melatonin and their individual or combined effects were evaluated by assessing lipidperoxidation, non-protein sulfhydryls (NP-SH) and nitrate/nitrite (NO) contents in these tissues. Plasma aminotransferases, LDH and CK-MB enzyme activities were measured. Moreover, these tissues were subject to histopathological assessment. MEL co-treatment significantly prevented any rise in lipidperoxides more significantly in heart and liver as compared to kidney. In tandem, MEL prevented a decline in GSH that was observed by Dox alone in liver and kidney. Dox significantly increased total NO levels in all the tissues. Melatonin at both dose levels could not afford protection against nitrosative stress. MEL in combination treatment provided significant

关键词： Melatonin Doxorubicin Heart Liver Kidney Lipidperoxidation non-protein Sulfhydryls Nitric Oxide Plasma Enzymes Mice

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