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On the importance of concomitant conditions: Light and conspecific presence modulate prey response to predation cue

Current Zoology 2023年第3期69卷 354-359页

作者： Łukasz Jermacz Jarostaw Kobak Nicolaus Copernicus University Faculty of Biological and Veterinary SciencesDepartment of Ecology and BiogeographyLwowska 187-100 TorunPoland Nicolaus Copernicus University Faculty of Biological and Veterinary SciencesDepartment of Invertebrate Zoology and ParasitologyLwowska187-100 TorunPoland

Assessment of individual costs of the anti-predator defence translating into changes in population parameters is *** is because prey responses are likely to be modulated by additional factors,commonly present in the environment,but often neglected in experimental *** evaluate the effect of external factors on prey behavior and physiology,we exposed amphipods Dikerogammarus villosus and Gammarus jazdzewskii to the predation cue of Perca fluviatilis in different densities and light *** of both species exposed to the predation cue in light modified their oxygen consumption(***:reduction,***:increase)compared to their respiration in predator-free ***,in the presence of conspecifics or in darkness,their respiration became insensitive to the predation *** the other hand,the swimming activity of prey was reduced in the presence of the predation cue irrespective of prey density and light conditions,but singletons were consistently more active than ***,external factors,such as conspecifics and darkness,constantly or periodically occurring in the field,may reduce the costs of predator non-consumptive effects compared to the costs measured under laboratory conditions(in light or absence of conspecifics).Moreover,we showed that behavioral and physiological parameters of prey may change differently in response to predation ***,conclusions drawn on the basis of single defence mechanisms and/or results obtained in artificial conditions,not reflecting the environmental complexity,strongly depend on the experimental design and endpoint selection and therefore should be treated with care.

关键词： anti-predator response fear effects non-lethal effects predator-prey interactions predation risk trait-mediated effects

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