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Different dietary starch patterns in lowprotein diets:effect on nitrogen efficiency,nutrient metabolism,and intestinal flora in growing pigs

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2022年第5期13卷 1557-1575页

作者： Junyan Zhou Lu Wang Lijie Yang Guangxin Yang Xiangfang Zeng Shiyan Qiao State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193People’s Republic of China Beijing Bio-feed additives Key Laboratory Beijing 100193People’s Republic of China

Background:Protein releases amino acids faster than starch releases glucose in digestive tract of pigs fed lowprotein(LP)*** synchronization of dietary glucose and amino acids supply leads to compromised nitrogen *** starch patterns modulation may improve this ***:Growing barrows(29.7±2.0 kg)were randomly allotted into 5 dietary treatments with LP diets consisting of different purified *** included:waxy corn starch(W LP),corn starch+waxy corn starch(C+W LP),corn starch(C LP),pea starch+waxy corn starch(P+W LP)and pea starch(P LP).In the experiment,growth performance,protein deposition,nutrient metabolism,and fecal microbial community of pigs were *** vitro starch digestion was used for predicting the in vivo glucose ***:Dietary starch in vitro glucose release profile was determined by starch source and the ratio of amylopectin and amylose.C+W LP treatment showed decreased total nitrogen excretion and plasma citrulline concentration and improved plasma leptin concentration among treatments(Pnitrogen apparent biological value,whole-body protein deposition and growth performance and lowest urinary nitrogen excretion were also observed in C+W LP *** with the other groups,C+W LP and C LP showed increased plasma pyruvate,IGF-1,and lipase concentrations(Pnitrogen concentration and decreased aldolase and leptin concentrations(P<0.05).Dietary starch patterns did not make an impact on bacterial richness and diversity,but changed the taxonomic and functional structures of the microbial *** protein fermentation product(isobutyrate and isovalerate)presented increased in P LP treatments compared with the other treatments(P<0.05).Conclusions:Dietary starch patterns modulation can regulate dietary glucose release profile,nutrient metabolism,protein turnover,and fecal mi

关键词： Intestinal flora Low-protein diet nitrogen efficiency Nutrient metabolism Starch patterns

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Quantifying golf course nitrogen use efficiency

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Grassland Research 2022年第3期1卷 174-186页

作者： Michael A.H.Bekken Douglas J.Soldat Department of Soil Science University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA

Background:Previous studies have surveyed golf courses to determine nitrogen(N)fertilizer application rates on golf courses,but no previous studies have attempted to quantify how efficiently golf courses use ***:This study tests the ability of the growth potential(GP)N Requirement model as a benchmarking tool to predict a target level of N use on 76 golf courses in 5 regions of the US(Midwest,Northeast,East Texas,Florida,Northwest)and 3 countries in Europe(Denmark,Norway,UK).Results:The ratio of the golf course-wide N application rate to the GP N requirement prediction(termed the nitrogen efficiency score or NES)was 0.27,indicating that golf courses used 73%less N than predicted by the *** such,the GP N Requirement model needs to be recalibrated to predict N use on golf *** was achieved by adjusting the Nmax coefficient in the model.N rates on golf courses were widely variable both within and across *** regions had a coefficient of variation in N rates of 0.46 or ***:The high variation in N rates,which is largely unexplained by climate,economic factors,grass type,and soil type,may be indicative of inefficient N use in golf course management.

关键词： biophysical modeling decision support tools fertilizer golf growth potential nitrogen nitrogen efficiency turfgrass

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Effect of nitrogen Application on Grain Filling in Maize with Different nitrogen efficiency

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Agricultural Science & Technology 2015年第7期16卷 1440-1446页

作者：黄彦凯申丽霞李婷太原理工大学水利科学与工程学院山西太原030024

There are significant differences in nitrogen absorption and utilization effi- ciency among different maize varieties. So it is very essential to determine nitrogen efficiencies of different maize varieties. The effect of nitrogen application on maize growth can be reflected at the grain filling stage. Many scholars have researched the differences in grain filling characteristics among different maize varieties under the same nitrogen application conditions, but there are reare reports on the differ- ences under different nitrogen application conditions. In this study, the grain filling dynamics of maize were observed so as to determine the differences in nitrogen efficiency and to further compare the differences in grain filling characteristics a- mong different maize varieties. The test was carried out with Tunyu 99, Luyu 19 and Xianyu 335 as the materials during May 1st to October 7th, 2013. Under the nitrogen application levels of NO （0 kg/hm2 of pure nitrogen）, N1 （140 kg/hm2 of pure nitrogen） and N2 （210 kg/hm2 of pure nitrogen）, the filling dynamics of upper- and middle- lower-part grains of spring maize were studied. The results showed that among the three nitrogen application level, the grain fresh weight and dry weight of Tunyu 99 ranked as N2〉NI〉N0; the grain fresh weight and dry weight of Luyu 19 ranked as N1〉N2〉N0; the grain fresh weight and dry weight of Xianyu 335 ranked as （N1, N2）〉N0, and there was no significant difference between N1 and N2. Un- der the nitrogen application level of N1, Luyu 19 showed the best growth; under the nitrogen application level of N2, Tunyu 99 showed the best growth, The growth ad- vantage of Xianyu 335 was unobvious under neither N1 nor N2 nitrogen application levels. The development-promoting effect of nitrogen application was more obvious in upper-part grains than that in middle-lower-part grains.

关键词： nitrogen fertilizer Maize nitrogen efficiency Grain filling Grain develop- ment

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Multi-carbohydrase enzymes improve feed energy in broiler diets containing standard or low crude protein

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Animal Nutrition 2021年第2期7卷 496-505页

作者： Sosthene Musigwa Natalie Morgan Robert A.Swick Pierre Cozannet Sarbast K.Kheravii Shu-Biao Wu School of Environmental and Rural Science University of New EnglandArmidaleNSW2351Australia Adisseo France SAS 92160AntonyFrance

This study evaluated the effect of multi-carbohydrase(MC)on energy and nitrogen(N)balance and gene expression in broilers fed diets with different crude protein(CP)*** study employed a 2×2 factorial arrangement of *** factors were presence or absence of MC,and standard(SCP)or low(LCP)dietary CP concentration.A 3-phase feeding program was used,including starter(0 to 7 d),grower(8 to 17 d)and finisher(18 to 28 d)*** study was undertaken in closed calorimetry *** of the 4 dietary treatments was replicated 8 times in total across 2 runs,with 2 birds per replicate(n=64).Data for energy partitioning and N balance were collected from d 25 to *** d 28,birds were euthanized to collect muscle and intestinal tissue samples for gene *** results showed that the MC increased apparent metabolizable energy(AME,P<0.01)and net energy(NE,P<0.05),and reduced the feed conversion ratio(FCR,P<0.01)in all *** proportion of energy retained as fat per total energy retention(REf/RE)was positively correlated with feed AME and NE(r=0.541,P<0.01 and r=0.665,P<0.001,respectively),suggesting that feed energy augmented with increased fat *** ATP synthase subunit alpha(ATPSA1W)gene expression had a positive cor-relation with REf/RE and feed NE(r=0.587,P<0.001 and r=0.430,P<0.05,respectively).Similarly,muscle peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha(PGC-1A)expression was negatively correlated with weight gain and positively correlated with FCR(r-0.451,P<0.05 and r-0.359,P<0.05,respectively).These correlations show that over-expressions of muscle genes related to energy production reduce bird *** study demonstrated that MC increase dietary energy utilization,regardless of dietary CP ***,the energy released by the enzymes in-creases feed energy-to-CP ratio,meaning there is excess energy that is then deposited as body *** suggests that supplemental MC in broiler feeds is benefi

关键词： Apparent metabolizable energy Net energy nitrogen efficiency Gene expression Energy-to-protein ratio

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Productive Performance of Double-Muscled Piemontese Culled Cows in Finishing Period

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Agricultural Sciences in China 2010年第5期9卷 721-728页

作者： GUO Kai-jun LIU Feng-hua LU Lin Biagini Davide Lazzaroni Carla Zoccarato Ivo College of Animal Science and Technology Beijing University of Agriculture Beijing 102206 P.R.China CAU-BUA TCVM Teaching ＆ Research Team Beijing 102206 P.R.China Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche Universita di Torino Turin 10095 Italy

The aims of the study were to evaluate productive performances and environmental impact of double-muscled Piemontese culled cows. In two trials, 39 Piemontese culled cows aged from 46 to 176 mon were fattened using diets commonly applied in farm conditions. The animals were weighed at the beginning and end of the trials. Concentrate and hay intake were recorded daily. After slaughtering, meat, fat and bone yields were recorded and dressing percentage was calculated. The backward linear regression model was employed for statistical analysis. Results showed average body weight （ABW） of cows as （556.97± 55.99） kg and relatively low dry matter intake （DMI） [（9.17± 0.35） kg d^-1] during the fattening period. The ratio between DMI and ABW, i.e., ratio between intake and weight （RIW）, （1.66±0.18）% was negatively influenced by initial body weight （IBW） and duration of finishing period （D）, but age had no effect on RIW. Average daily gain （ADG） was relatively low [（0.55 ±0.21） kg d^-1, and was negatively correlated with IBW and D, which implied that lower IBW and shorter D could have higher ADG and vice versa. The dressing percentage （DP） was （59.80± 1.83）% and the carcass red meat yield （MY） was （75.17±3.10）%. Nevertheless, N efficiency was very low [（4.35 ± 1.76）%], which must be considered in relation to environmental protection so both animal requirements and a well balanced diet need more attention. In conclusion when Piemontese cows will be culled and fattened, IBW and D should be considered carefully in order to get a reasonable ADG and N efficiency to guarantee productive benefits and environmental protection at the same time.

关键词： dry matter intake growth and dressing performance nitrogen efficiency Piemontese culled cows

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The market for amino acids: understanding supply and demand of substrate for more efficient milk protein synthesis

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2021年第1期12卷 37-48页

作者： Virginia L.Pszczolkowski Sebastian I.Arriola Apelo Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWIUSA Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWIUSA

For dairy production systems, nitrogen is an expensive nutrient and potentially harmful waste product. With three quarters of fed nitrogen ending up in the manure, significant research efforts have focused on understanding and mitigating lactating dairy cows' nitrogen losses. Recent changes proposed to the Nutrient Requirement System for Dairy Cattle in the US include variable efficiencies of absorbed essential AA for milk protein production. This first separation from a purely substrate-based system, standing on the old limiting AA theory, recognizes the ability of the cow to alter the metabolism of AA. In this review we summarize a compelling amount of evidence suggesting that AA requirements for milk protein synthesis are based on a demand-driven system. Milk protein synthesis is governed at mammary level by a set of transduction pathways, including the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1(mTORC1), the integrated stress response(ISR), and the unfolded protein response(UPR). In tight coordination, these pathways not only control the rate of milk protein synthesis, setting the demand for AA, but also manipulate cellular AA transport and even blood flow to the mammary glands, securing the supply of those needed nutrients. These transduction pathways, specifically mTORC1, sense specific AA, as well as other physiological signals, including insulin, the canonical indicator of energy status. Insulin plays a key role on mTORC1 signaling, controlling its activation, once AA have determined mTORC1 localization to the lysosomal *** on this molecular model, AA and insulin signals need to be tightly coordinated to maximize milk protein synthesis rate. The evidence in lactating dairy cows supports this model, in which insulin and glucogenic energy potentiate the effect of AA on milk protein synthesis. Incorporating the effect of specific signaling AA and the differential role of energy sources on utilization of absorbed AA for milk protein synthesis seems like

关键词： Amino acids Blood flow Insulin Mammary uptake Milk proteins mTORC1 nitrogen efficiency Splanchnic tissues

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QTLs for Rice Leaf Chlorophyll Content Under Low N Stress

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Pedosphere 2004年第2期14卷 145-150页

作者： FANGPing YUXiao-Min ZHURi-Qing WUPing CollegeofEnvironmentalandResourceSciences ZhejiangUniversityHangzhou310029（China）.E-mail：pfang@*** CollegeofLifeSciences ZhejiangUniversityHangzhou310029（China）

Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for chlorophyll content of a rice leaf weremapped on to the molecular marker linkage map of a double-haploid (DH) population derived from across between two rice varieties 'IR64' and 'Azucena' in both nutrient solutionand soil cultureexperiments to detect rice nitrogen nutrition status under low N stress A chlorophyll meter was usedto measure the soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value of the topmost fully expanded leaf asthe index of chlorophyll content thatexpressed nitrogen status in rice plants. Totally 3 QTLs forSPAD values, two on chromosome 3 located at interval RG179-CDO337 and RG348-RZ329, respectively, andone on chromosome 10 at interval RZ500-RG134, were detected under stressed conditions of low N inthe soil and/or nutrient solution culture experiments. One QTL located at interval RG179-GDO337 onchromosome 3 associated with a relative change in SPAD value from a high N level to a low N level inthe soil culture experiment was also *** on the different responses to low N stressbetween the two parents, it was supposed that the QTLs identified in this study associated withnitrogen efficiency in rice at low N levels might be useful in applying marker technology to ricebreeding programs.

关键词： chlorophyll meter nitrogen efficiency QTLs rice (Oryza sativa L.) SPADvalue

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Dairy sheep production research at the University of Wisconsin-Madison,USA-a review

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2014年第2期5卷 127-138页

作者： David L Thomas Yves M Berger Brett C McKusick Claire M Mikolayunas University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Animal Sciences Spooner Agricultural Research Station Current address:Merial Ltd Midwest Organic Services Association ViroquaWisconsinUSA

Commercial milking of sheep is a new agricultural industry in the United States starting approximately 30 yr ago. The industry is still small, but it is growing. The majority of the sheep milk is used in the production of specialty cheeses. The United States is the major importer of sheep milk cheeses with 50 to 60% of annual world exports coming to the United States during the past 20 yr. Therefore, there is considerable growth potential for the industry in the United States. The only dairy sheep research flock in North America is located at the Spooner Agricultural Research Station of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The research program started in 1993 and has been multifaceted; dealing with several areas important to commercial dairy sheep farmers. The East Friesian and Lacaune dairy breeds were compared and introduced to the industry through the research program. Both dairy breeds produced significantly more milk than traditional meat-wool breeds found in the U.S., but the two breeds differed in their production traits. East Friesian-cross ewes produced more lambs and slightly more milk than Lacaune-cross ewes whereas Lacaune-cross ewes produced milk with a higher percentage of fat and protein than East Friesian-cross ewes. Lactation physiology studies have shown that ewes with active corpora lutea have increased milk yields, oxytocin release during milking is required to obtain normal fat percentages in the milk, large udder cisterns of dairy ewes can allow for increased milking intervals, and short daylengths during late pregnancy results in increased milk yield. In the nutrition area, legume-grass pastures and forages with a higher percentage of legume will result in increased milk production. Grazing ewes respond to additional supplementation with increased milk yield, but it is important to match the supplement to the quality of the grazing. Ewes on high quality legume-grass pastures that are high in rumen degradable protein respond with increased milk

关键词： Dairy sheep East Friesian Grazing Lacaune Lactation physiology nitrogen efficiency RDP RUP Supplementation

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Physiological and Molecular Analysis of Applied nitrogen in Rice Genotypes

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Rice science 2012年第3期19卷 213-222页

作者： Khalid Rehman HAKEEM Ruby CHANDNA Altaf AHMAD1 Muhammad IQBAL Molecular Ecology Laboratory Department of BotanyFaculty of ScienceHamdard University Faculty of Forestry University Putra Malaysia Department of Plant Protection College of Food and Agricultural SciencesKing Saud University

Ten genotypes of rice （Oryza sativa L.） were grown for 30 d in complete nutrient solution with 1 mmol/L （N-insufficient）,4 mmol/L （N-moderate） and 10 mmol/L （N-high） nitrogen levels,and nitrogen efficiency （NE） was *** performance,measured in terms of fresh weight,dry weight and lengths of root and shoot,was higher in N-efficient than in N-inefficient rice genotypes at low N *** these 10 genotypes,Suraksha was identified as the most N-efficient,while Vivek Dhan the most *** find out the physiological basis of this difference,the nitrate uptake rate of root and the activities of nitrate assimilatory enzymes in leaves of N-efficient and N-inefficient rice genotypes were *** experiments revealed the presence of two separate nitrate transporter systems mediating high-and low-affinity nitrate ***,the nitrate uptake by the roots of Suraksha is mediated by both high-and low-affinity nitrate transporter systems,while that of Vivek Dhan by only low-affinity nitrate transporter *** of the activities and expression levels of nitrate assimilatory enzymes in N-efficient and N-inefficient rice genotypes showed that nitrate reductase （NR） and glutamine synthetase （GS） play important roles in N assimilation under low-nitrogen conditions.

关键词： rice nitrogen absorption and assimilation nitrate nitrogen efficiency nitrogen uptake real-time PCR

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Identification and screening of nitrogenefficient cotton genotypes under low and normal nitrogen environments at the seedling stage

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Journal of Cotton Research 2018年第2期1卷 1-11页

作者： ZHANG Hengheng FU Xiaoqiong WANG Xiangru GUI Huiping DONG Qiang PANG Nianchang WANG Zhun ZHANG Xiling SONG Meizhen State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Background： Large quantities of nitrogen （N） fertilizer applied to cotton cropping systems support high yields but cause adverse environmental impacts such as N20 emission and water eutrophication. The development of cotton cultivars with higher N use efficiencies suitable for low-N conditions is therefore important for sustainable production. In this study, we evaluated 100 cotton genotypes in 2016 for N use efficiency and related traits at the seedling stage. Methods： Sand culture experiment was conducted with low N levels （0.01 *** i） or normal N levels （0.1 *** i）. We investigated plant height, SPAD value （soil plant analysis development chlorophyll meter）, dry weight, N accumulation, N utilization efficiency, and N uptake efficiency. Through descriptive statistics, principal component analysis and heatmap clustering analysis, we confirmed the evaluation index system of N-efficient genotypes and the classification of N-efficient genotypes. Results： Significant differences were observed among N levels and genotypes for all agronomic traits and N levels. Coefficients of variation varied greatly and ranged from 6.7N28.8 and 7.4N20.8 under low-N and normal-N treatment, respectively. All traits showed highly significant positive correlations with each other, except SPAD value. The principal components under both N levels were similar, showing that total dry weight, aboveground dry weight, total N accumulation, and N uptake efficiency were important components. We confirmed these four traits as suitable screening indexes for low N tolerance. Based on the results of heatmap clustering and scatter diagram analysis of N efficiency value, 10 genotypes were found low-N tolerant, in which five varieties were inefficient under both low and normal N conditions, while four varieties were found efficient under low-N conditions but inefficient under normal-N conditions. Only one variety was efficient under both low and normal-N conditions. Meanwhile, 20 genotypes were identifi

关键词： Cotton Genotype nitrogen efficiency Screening

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