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Mechanism of nitrogen loss driven by soil and water erosion in water source areas

Journal of Forestry Research 2023年第6期34卷 1985-1995页

作者： Rongjia Wang Jianfeng Zhang Chunju Cai Shufeng Wang State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture Zhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhou 311300People’s Republic of China Institute of Subtropical Forestry Chinese Academy of ForestryHangzhou 311400People’s Republic of China College of Forestry and Biotechnology Zhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhou 311300People’s Republic of China Sanya Research Base of the International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan Sanya 572000People’s Republic of China Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions Zhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhou 311300People’s Republic of China

nitrogen(N)present in drinking water as dissolved nitrates can directly affect people’s health,making it important to control N pollution in water source areas.N pollution caused by agricultural fertilizers can be controlled by reducing the amount of fertilizer applied,but pollution caused by soil and water erosion in hilly areas can only be controlled by conservation *** catchment area around Fushi Reservoir was selected as a test site and mechanisms of N loss from a vertical spatial perspective through field observations were *** main N losses occurred from June to September,accounting for 85.9-95.9%of the annual loss,with the losses in June and July accounting for 46.0%of the total,and in August and September for 41.9%.The N leakage from the water source area was effectively reduced by 38.2%through the optimization of the stand structure of the conservation *** well-structured forests for water conservation is crucial to ensure the security of drinking *** preliminary research lays the foundation for revealing then loss mechanisms in water source areas and improving the control of non-point source pollution in these areas.

关键词： Water source areas nitrogen loss Non-point source pollution Water quality Surface runoff

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Effects of Caragana Korshinskii Kom. cover on runoff, sediment yield and nitrogen loss

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2010年第3期25卷 245-257页

作者： Guan-Hua ZHANG1,Guo-Bin LIU2?, and Guo-Liang WANG31 Ph.D., College of Resource and Environment, Northwest A and F University YangLing, Shaanxi 712100, China, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Science and Ministry of Water Resources, YangLing Shaanxi 712100, China. 2 Prof., Researcher. Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Science and Ministry of Water Resources, YangLing Shaanxi 712100, China, College of Resource and Environment, Northwest A and F University, YangLing, Shaanxi 712100, China, 3 Assistant Researcher, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Science and Ministry of Water Resources, YangLing Shaanxi 712100, China. [a] Ph.D. College of Resource Environment Northwest A F University YangLing Shaanxi 712100 China Institute of Soil Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Science Ministry of Water Resources YangLing Shaanxi 712100 China [b] Prof. Researcher. Institute of Soil Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Science Ministry of Water Resources YangLing Shaanxi 712100 China College of Resource Environment Northwest A F University YangLing Shaanxi 712100 China [c] Assistant Researcher Institute of Soil Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Science Ministry of Water Resources YangLing Shaanxi 712100 China

Soil erosion is serious in the Loess Plateau of China. Deposition of the eroded sediment in lakes or rivers may lead to eutrophication, because the sediment carries a lot of nutrients. Field experiments were conducted to study soil erosion and loss of nitrogen (N) from a 15o hillslope with 30% (low) or 80% (high) coverage of the shrub Caragana korshinskii Kom. A bare soil plot was used for the comparison. The results showed that Caragana korshinskii cover significantly reduced runoff and soil erosion. In comparison to the bare soil plot, the vegetation covered plots had about 20% less runoff and 65% less sediment. In general, the concentration of N in both runoff water and the eroded sediment decreased with time and approached a steady value. However, the species of nitrate nitrogen (NO3) was exceptional which increased with time slightly. The soil erosion caused an N loss of about 250 mg/m2 for the bare soil plot, the low coverage of Caragana korshinskii reduced the N loss by 20% and the high coverage of Caragana korshinskii reduced the N loss by 40%. Moreover, the amount of total N in eroded sediment was 2 to 3 times higher than the value in runoff water. In the total N loss, the organic N was about 75-80%. Nevertheless, inorganic N in runoff water was 5 to 10 times higher than the value in eroded sediment. The species of NO3 was obviously higher than the species of ammonium nitrogen (NH4). NO3 was the main species of inorganic N loss and was about two thirds of total. The organic N was the main species of N in the eroded sediment.

关键词： C. korshinskii cover Runoff Sediment nitrogen loss Simulated rainfall

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Advances in nitrogen loss Leached by Precipitation from Plant Canopy

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Agricultural Sciences in China 2008年第4期7卷 480-486页

作者： LI Shi-qing JI Chun-rong FANG Ya-ning CHEN Xiao-li LI Sheng-xiu State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau/Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences/Ministry of Water Resources Yangling 712100 P.R China Department of Natural Resources and Environment Northwest A ＆ F University Yangling 712100 P.R.China

Function of canopy in changing nutrient cycle and flux is one of the focuses in recent years. On the basis of comprehensively appraising published research, we analyzed the nitrogen loss leaching from plant canopy and several factors which affected it. We pointed out the disadvantages of the published researches and the key issues that ought to be solved：（1） The menstruation need to be advanced, and the research should be carried out on nitrogen loss leaching from the canopy of the field plant. （2） If the nitrogen is leached from the plant canopy, the research on the type of nitrogen loss should be carried out, and the nitrogen use efficiency of different varieties should be dealt on a research perspective with regard to the nitrogen leaching. （3） The research should be conducted on the mechanism and pathway, and the progress of nitrogen leaching; and the factors affecting nitrogen leaching should be included in the research, such as the leaf area of different growth stages, stomata densities, stomata conductance, and the apparent free space, which are beneficial to explain the mechanism of nitrogen leaching from the plant canopy.

关键词： plant canopy nitrogen loss research advances

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CLIMATE-CHANGE-INDUCED TEMPORAL VARIATION IN PRECIPITATION INCREASES nitrogen lossES FROM INTENSIVE CROPPING SYSTEMS: ANALYSIS WITH A TOY MODEL

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2022年第3期9卷 457-464页

作者： Peter MVITOUSEK Xinping CHEN Zhenling CUI Xuejun LIU Pamela AMATSON Ivan ORTIZ-MONASTERIO GPhilip ROBERTSON Fusuo ZHANG Department of Biology Stanford UniversityStanfordCA 94305USA College of Resources and Environment and Academy of Agricultural SciencesSouthwest UniversityChongqing 400716China College of Resources&Environmental Sciences China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193China Department of Earth System Science Stanford UniversityStanfordCA 94305USA International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center(CIMMYT) El BatanTexcoco 56237Mexico W.K.Kellogg Biological Station and Department of PlantSoil and Microbial SciencesMichigan State UniversityHickory CornersMI 49060USA.

A simple‘toy’model of productivity and nitrogen and phosphorus cycling was used to evaluate how the increasing temporal variation in precipitation that is predicted(and observed)to occur as a consequence of greenhouse-gasinduced climate change will affect crop yields and losses of reactive N that can cause environmental damage and affect human *** model predicted that as temporal variability in precipitation increased it progressively reduced yields and increased losses of reactive N by disrupting the synchrony between N supply and plant N ***,increases in the temporal variation of precipitation increased the frequency of floods and *** of this model indicate that climate-change-driven increases in temporal variation in precipitation in rainfed agricultural ecosystems will make it difficult to sustain cropping systems that are both high-yielding and have small environmental and human-health footprints.

关键词： crop yield fertilizer timing nitrogen loss precipitation variability toy model

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Alternate freezing and thawing enhanced the sediment and nutrient runoff loss in the restored soil of the alpine mining area

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Journal of Mountain Science 2022年第6期19卷 1823-1837页

作者： LI Fa-Yong LUO Ren-jie YOU Yong-jun HU Xue-fei QIAN Xiao-yan ZHANG Peng-yan WANG Shan LI Guo-yu KAMEL Mohamed Eltohamy College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering Tarim UniversityAral City 843300China State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China Water Relations and Field Irrigation Department Agricultural and Biological Research DivisionNational Research CentreCairo 12622Egypt

This study highlights the influence of freezing-thawing processes on soil erosion in an alpine mine restoration area. Accordingly, a series of simulation experiments were conducted to investigate runoff, sediment, and nutrient losses, and potential influencing factors under freeze-thaw(FT) conditions. Three FT treatments(i.e., 0, 3, and 5 FT cycles), and two soil moisture contents(SMCs;i.e., 10% and 20% SMC on a gravimetric basis) were assessed. The runoff, sediment yield, ammonia nitrogen(AN), nitrate nitrogen(NN), total phosphorus(TP), and dissolved phosphorus(DP) losses from runoff were characterized under different rainfall durations. The fitting results indicated that the runoff rate and sediment rate, AN, NN, TP, and DP concentrations in runoff could be described by exponential functions. FT action increased the total runoff volume and sediment yield by 14.6%–26.0% and 8.8%–35.2%, respectively. The runoff rate and sediment rate increased rapidly with the increment of FT cycles before stabilizing. At 20% SMC, the total runoff volume and sediment yield were significantly higher than those at 10% SMC. The loss curves of AN and NN concentrations varied due to differences in their chemical properties. FT action and high SMC promoted AN and NN losses, whereas the FT cycles had little effect. FT action increased TP and DP losses by 60.2%–220.1% and 48.4%–129.8%, respectively, compared to cases with no FT action;the highest TP and DP losses were recorded at 20% SMC. This study provides a deep understanding of freezing-thawing mechanisms in the soils of alpine mine restoration areas and the influencing factors of these mechanisms on soil erosion, thereby supporting the development of erosion prevention and control measures in alpine mine restoration areas.

关键词： Freezing and thawing Mine restoration area nitrogen loss Phosphorus loss Rainfall simulation Soil moisture content

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nitrogen Use Efficiency as Affected by Phosphorus and Potassium in Long-Term Rice and Wheat Experiments

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2014年第3期13卷 588-596页

作者： DUAN Ying-hua SHI Xiao-jun LI Shuang-lai SUN Xi-fa HE Xin-hua Key Laboratory of Crop Nutrition and Fertilization Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences College of Resources and Environment Southwest Agricultural University Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences Soil and Fertilizer Institute Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences School of Plant Biology University of Western Australia

Improving nitrogen use efficiency （NUE） and decreasing N loss are critical to sustainable agriculture. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of various fertilization regimes on yield, NUE, N agronomic efficiency （NAE） and N loss in long-term （16- or 24-yr） experiments carried out at three rice-wheat rotation sites （Chongqing, Suining and Wuchang） in subtropical China. Three treatments were examined： sole chemical N, N＋phosphorus （NP）, and NP＋potassium （NPK） fertilizations. Grain yields at three sites were significantly increased by 9.3-81.6% （rice） and 54.5-93.8% （wheat） under NP compared with N alone, 1.7-9.8% （rice） and 0-17.6% （wheat） with NPK compared with NP. Compared to NP, NUE significantly increased for wheat at Chongqing （9.3%） and Wuchang （11.8%）, but not at Suining, China. No changes in NUE were observed in rice between NP and NPK at all three sites. The rice-wheat rotation＇s NAE was 3.3 kg kg1 higher under NPK than under NP at Chongqing, while NAE was similar for NP and NPK at Suining and Wuchang. We estimated that an uptake increase of 1.0 kg N hal would increase 40 kg rice and 30 kg wheat ha-1. nitrogen loss/input ratios were -60, -40 or -30% under N, NP or NPK at three sites, indicating significant decrease of N loss by P or PK additions. We attribute part of the increase in NUE soil N accumulation which significantly increased by 25-55 kg ha-1 yr1 under NPK at three sites, whereas by 35 kg ha-1 yr-1 under NP at Chongqing only. This paper illustrates that apply P and K to wheat, and reduce K application to rice is an effective nutrient management strategy for both the NUE improvement and N losses reduction in China.

关键词： apparent nitrogen balance grain yield nitrogen agronomic efficiency nitrogen loss soil nitrogen accumulation

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Optimizing the use of open chambers to measure ammonia volatilization in field plots amended with urea

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Pedosphere 2021年第2期31卷 243-254页

作者： Márcio R.MARTINS Leonardo F.SARKIS Selenobaldo A.C.SANT’ANNA Camila A.SANTOS Karla E.ARAUJO Ricardo C.SANTOS Ednaldo S.ARAÚJO Bruno J.R.ALVES Claudia P.JANTALIA Robert M.BODDEY Mohammad ZAMAN Segundo URQUIAGA Embrapa Agrobiology Rod.BR 465km 7Seropédica RJ CEP 23891-000(Brazil) Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro(UFRRJ) Rod.BR 465km 7Seropédica RJ CEP 23891-000(Brazil) Agroscope Research Division Agroecology and EnvironmentClimate and Agriculture GroupReckenholzstrasse 191Zurich 8046(Switzerland) Soil and Water Management&Crop Nutrition Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food&AgricultureP.O.Box 100Vienna A-1400(Austria)

Measuring ammonia(NH_(3))volatilization from urea-fertilized soils is crucial for evaluation of practices that reduce gaseous nitrogen(N)losses in *** small area of chambers used for NH_(3)volatilization measurements compared with the size of field plots may cause significant errors if inadequate sampling strategies are *** aims were:i)to investigate the effect of using multiple open chambers on the variability in the measurement of NH_(3)volatilization in urea-amended field plots and ii)to define the critical period of NH_(3)-N losses during which the concentration of sampling effort is capable of reducing *** use of only one chamber covering 0.015%of the plot(51.84 m^(2))generates a value of NH_(3)-N loss within an expected margin of error of 30%around the true *** reduce the error margin by half(15%),3–7 chambers were required with a mean of 5 chambers per *** the sampling efforts in the first two weeks after urea application,which is usually the most critical period of N losses and associated errors,represents an efficient strategy to lessen uncertainty in the measurements of NH_(3)*** strategy enhances the power of detection of NH_(3)-N loss abatement in field experiments using chambers.

关键词： chamber method experimental error gas emission low-cost chamber nitrogen cycling nitrogen loss soil variability

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Effects of three types of soil amendments on yield and soil nitrogen balance of maize–wheat rotation system in the Hetao Irrigation Area, China

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Journal of Arid Land 2019年第6期11卷 904-915页

作者： WU Yan LI Fei ZHENG Haichun HONG Mei HU Yuncai ZHAO Bayinnamula DE Haishan College of Grassland Resources and EnvironmentInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhot 010018China Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Soil Quality and Nutrient Resources Hohhot 010018China Soil and Fertilizer Station of Inner Mongolia Hohhot 010011China Department of Plant Sciences Technische Universität MünchenEmil-Ramann-Str.2D-85350 Freising-WeihenstephanGermany

Excessive fertilization combined with unreasonable irrigation in farmland of the Hetao Irrigation Area(HIR), China, has resulted in a large amount of nitrogen(N) losses and agricultural non-point source *** of soil amendments has become one of the important strategies for reducing N losses of ***, there is still no systematic study on the effects of various soil amendments on N losses in the *** this study, three types of soil amendments(biochar, bentonite and polyacrylamide) were applied in a maize–wheat rotation system in the HIR during 2015–*** of maize and wheat, soil NH3 volatilization, N2O emission and NO3– leaching were determined and soil N balance was *** results showed that applications of biochar, bentonite and polyacrylamide significantly increased yields of maize by 9.2%, 14.3% and 13.3%, respectively, and wheat by 9.2%, 16.6% and 12.3%, respectively, compared with the control(fertilization alone).Applications of biochar, bentonite and polyacrylamide significantly reduced soil N leaching by 23.1%, 35.5% and 27.1%, soil NH3-N volatilization by 34.8%, 52.7% and 37.8%, and soil N surplus by 23.9%, 37.4% and 30.6%, *** of bentonite and polyacrylamide significantly reduced N2O-N emissions from soil by 37.3% and 35.8%, respectively, compared with the *** with application of biochar, applications of bentonite and polyacrylamide increased yields of maize and wheat by 5.1% and 3.5%, *** results suggest that soil amendments(bentonite and polyacrylamide) can play important roles in reducing N losses and increasing yield for the maize–wheat rotation system in the HIR, China.

关键词： biochar bentonite polyacrylamide maize nitrogen loss nitrogen balance wheat

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Synergistic effects of biochar/microbial inoculation on the enhancement of pig manure composting

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Biochar 2019年第1期1卷 127-137页

作者： Zhineng Tu Xiuna Ren Junchao Zhao Sanjeev Kumar Awasthi Quan Wang Mukesh Kumar Awasthi Zengqiang Zhang Ronghua Li College of Natural Resources and Environment Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100ShaanxiChina Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China Ministry of AgricultureYangling 712100ShaanxiChina

With the aim to comparatively investigate the effect of the addition of additives such as biochar(BC),microbial inoculation(MI)and biochar/microbial inoculation(BCMI)on composting enhancement,nitrogen conservation,greenhouse gas emissions,the quality improvement of pig manure compost were comparatively investigated in a 42-day aerobic pig manure composting *** results showed that the duration of the thermophilic stage,the degradation of organic matter and the detoxification of the compost were enhanced in the BC,MI and BCMI treatments compared with those in the control(without additive).Moreover,the content of total Kjeldahl nitrogen in the BC,MI and BCMI treatments was increased by 38.1,48.9 and 59.0%,respectively,through the reduction of NH_(3) volatilization and N_(2)O production,which were higher than those of the control(31.8%).A reduction in CH_(4) release during composting was not observed with the MI and BCMI *** 42 days of composting,the final product of the three treatments exhibited acceptable potential for use as a fertilizer in agriculture;the BCMI treatment showed an especially synergistic effect on pig manure composting enhancement.

关键词： Compost Biochar Microbial inoculant nitrogen loss Greenhouse gases

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Reducing environmental risk of nitrogen by popularizing mechanically dense transplanting for rice production in China

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2020年第9期19卷 2362-2366页

作者： HUANG Min ZOU Ying-bin Crop and Environment Research Center College of AgronomyHunan Agricultural UniversityChangsha 410128P.R.China

The high nitrogen(N)application rates typically used in Chinese cropping systems have led to diminishing returns for yields and have also imposed substantial environmental ***,we estimate that the annual N loss from rice production in China reached approximately 2.6×109 kg from 2011 to 2015,and we demonstrate that adoption of the mechanically dense transplanting technique by producers is an effective method to reduce N loss from rice cropping systems without suffering a yield penalty.

关键词： dense planting environmental risk mechanical transplanting nitrogen loss rice

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