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Immune function of erythrocytes in patients with chronic venous insufficiency of the lower extremities

Chinese Medical Journal 2007年第24期120卷 2224-2228页

作者： ZHANG Lan ZHANG Bai-gen ZHANG Ji-wei ZHANG Hao Department of Vascular Surgery Renji Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai 200127 China

Background The influence of inflammatory processes has been one of the hot topics in discussions of the etiology of chronic venous insufficiency （CVI）. Erythrocytes are very important in controlling inflammatory immunity and innate immune reactions. The purpose of this study was to analyze the correlation between the development of CVI and the change of CD35, Fy6 on erythrocytes, and interleukin-8 （IL-8） levels. Methods A group of 43 patients with CVI were studied in parallel with 8 healthy individuals serving as control subjects. Control subjects were those with normal findings on lower extremity duplex examinations. We used an erythrocyte flow cytometer to examine the expression of both CD35 and Fy6 on red blood cells, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis method to measure plasma IL-8 levels. We also analyzed the change of IL-8 levels under the influence of erythrocytes using a modified method of the hemaimmune reaction. Results Compared with normal control subjects, CD35 expression increased significantly among patients with CVI classified as C4 without lipodermatosclerosis, but tended to decrease and reach the lowest level among patients classified as C5-C6. Fy6 expression increased significantly among patients in the early stages of CVI, but tended to decrease remarkably among patients classified as C5-C6. The inflammatory response intensified at the C5-C6 classification, where high levels of IL-8 coexisted with a low expression of Fy6. The increase in IL-8 in the CVI group was higher than in the control group in association with the complete blood cells, regardless of the presence of erythrocytes, when inactive tumour cells were added, whereas the level of IL-8 in the CVI group was significantly lower than in the control group. Conclusions Abnormalities of erythrocyte innate immunity represents a fundamental derangement in CVI. These inadequate inflammatory responses may lead to local tissue and microvascular damage of the lower extremity.

关键词： venous insufficiency erythrocytes natural immunity

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The Perspective of Acquired immunity to Combat against Infectious Diseases: An Overview

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Health 2021年第9期13卷 1020-1044页

作者： Md. Shahidul Islam Irfan Chaudhuri Mahadee Al Mobin Mobashara Islam Md. Shahriar Mahmud Md. KutubUddin K. M. Ariful Kabir Md. Kamrujjaman Department of Mathematics University of Dhaka Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Chemistry Colby College Maine USA Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology University of Dhaka Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Computer Science & Engineering State University of Bangladesh Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Mathematics Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Mathematics and Statistics University of Calgary Calgary Canada

There is a long ritual of acquired immunity using physical exercise, a balanced diet, and pharmaceutical medication to generate immunity against a particular disease insight into the human body. This paper has extensively reviewed the impact of exercise, daily life practice, food selection, and several other issues to improve the immune system that combat infection. Studying the effect of exercise in varying degrees on the immunity system of humans is well developed and exhibit in this study. It investigates the prevention of pandemics due to herd immunity and finds the perfect amount of exercise to boost immunity to its maximum. Besides the life practice, it is also explored that vaccination can improve and optimize herd immunity.

关键词： natural immunity Medicated immunity Physical Exercise Vaccination Infectious Diseases

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