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Assessing Urban Parks of District 13 of Mashhad municipality

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Open Journal of Geology 2017年第4期7卷 457-464页

作者： Zahra Parsanik Abbas Maroofnezhad Department of Geography Mahshahar Branch Islamic Azad University Mahshahar Iran

Due to the shortage and poor distribution of per capita green space in the city of Mashhad, this descriptive-analytic research emphasized on practical aspects and information collection based on field survey. This study was carried out using SPSS of version 19 (SPSS: the name of a family of computer software that is used for statistical analysis). To study the status of each research component, one sample T-Test was used and for comparison and ranking of research components in all regions and each region, Friedman test was applied. Accordingly, after identifying the parks in district 13 of Mashhad municipality, six indicators of beauty, security, access, distribution-dispersion, area-scope were prioritized, examined, and analyzed. According to the results of one sample T-Test, the average of beauty component is more than the mean 5. On the other hand, significance level of this component is less than 0.05. According to this average and significance level of the test, it can be concluded with a confidence of over 95% that the status of beauty index is desirable. According to the results of Friedman test in all areas of district 13 of Mashhad municipality, indexes of beauty, distribution-dispersion, and security are of utmost importance. As well, indexes of access (transportation), available facilities, and area-scope were respectively placed in the fourth to sixth position.

关键词： Assessment Urban Parks District 13 of municipality City of Mashhad SPSS One Sample T-Test Friedman Test

Suitability of Drinking Water Sources from Nyaruzinga Wetland for Domestic Use in Bushenyi municipality, Uganda

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2017年第13期9卷 1587-1611页

作者： Lauben Muhangane John Bosco Nkurunungi Jane Yatuha Morgan Andama Department of Biology Faculty of Science Mbarara University of Science and Technology Mbarara Uganda

This study determined the physico-chemical and bacterial quality of raw (bore-hole, springs, wells) and tap water sources from Nyaruzinga wetland for domestic use in Bushenyi municipality. Forty samples of raw water were randomly collected from Kacuncu, Kyeitembe and Kikuba tributaries of the wetland and 40 samples of tap water generated from the same wetland were randomly drawn from Ishaka, Nyakabirizi and Central divisions of the municipality. The samples were analyzed for apparent colour (AC), turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness, pH, total iron, residual alum, free residual chlorine and faecal coliforms using standard methods and their values compared with standard local UNBS (2008) and international WHO (2011) drinking water quality guidelines. The results showed that the mean pH of the protected spring below Kikuba Hill (5.21);the AC (Pt/Co) of the borehole below Bweranyangi Junior School (17.28) and the surface well below Nyandozo Primary School (157.58) both situated in Kacuncu as well as the free residual chlorine (mg/L) in tap water at Kanyamabona Trading Centre, Ishaka division (0.192) were below the standard values of WHO (pH, 6.0 - 8.0;free residual chlorine, 0.2 - 0.5) and UNBS (AC, <15). The electrical conductivity, EC (μS/cm) and total hardness (mg/L) of all the selected water sources were within the WHO standards (EC, <1500 (raw water), 0 - 300 (tap water);total hardness, <1500 (raw water), <100 (tap water)). The residual alum (mg/L) in all the tap water sources was also within the WHO guideline (<0.2). On the other hand, the turbidity (27.38 NTUs) and total iron content (0.32 mg/L) of the surface well below Nyandozo Primary School were above WHO guidelines of <15 and <0.3 respectively. Furthermore, the mean faecal coliform counts (CFU/100 ml) in the surface well below Nyandozo Primary School (6.90) and the borehole below Bweranyangi Junior School (16.83) including the surface well below Kyeitembe Trading Centre (9.25) were above

关键词： Bacterial Load Bushenyi municipality Drinking Water Sources Physico-Chemical Parameters

Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Water Quality in Douala IV municipality, Cameroon

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2019年第12期11卷 1441-1461页

作者： Mary Lum Fonteh Niba Theophile Fonkou Cornelius Mbifung Lambi Department of Geography Higher Teacher Training College The University of Bamenda Bambili Cameroon Department of Plant Biology Faculty of Science University of Dschang Dschang Cameroon Department of Geography Faculty of Social and Management Sciences University of Buea Buea Cameroon

The study analysed the spatial and temporal contamination levels of fresh water resources by saline intrusion in the Douala coastal area. Water samples were collected from 19 stations. 3 stations were selected from the mangrove area and 16 stations were selected from the rest of the area partitioned into four transects (coastal transect, inner transect 1, inner transect 2 and inner transect 3). Sampling was done repeatedly during the wet and dry seasons. They were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters according to the American Public Health Association methods. Geostatistical analysis was used in mapping the water properties. Considerable levels of actual electrical conductivity values (208.91 to 660.63 and 45 to 7540 μS/cm for the wet and dry seasons, respectively);calcium (0.06 to 85 and 4 to 256 mg/L for the wet and dry seasons, respectively);sulphate (0 to 103 and 0 to 99 mg/L for the wet and dry seasons) and total dissolved solids (15.79 to 1467 and 20 to 3750 mg/L for the wet and dry seasons, respectively) were observed for ground water in the study area based on spatio-temporal assessment. From the output grid, it could be deduced that the south eastern region had a hint of salt water intrusion (SWI) contamination of fresh water resources with actual value highs of electrical conductivity (1790 and 820 μS/cm) for the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Calcium highs (140 and 16 mg/L) for the dry and wet seasons were obtained at the central part of the study area. The spatial distribution of calcium highs extends from the central zone of the study area in the dry season and the south eastern zone in the wet season. The southern region is more vulnerable to contamination by calcium ions during this season. An up to date scope for surveillance monitoring and forecasting regarding the deterioration of coastal aquifers is recommended. Modelling of aquifers shifts for the coastal zone should be instituted as a means of ensuring efficient fresh water resources eva

关键词： Spatio-Temporal Assessment Fresh Water Resources Water Quality Geostatistics Douala IV municipality Cameroon

The Physico-Chemical Quality of Effluents of Selected Sewage Treatment Plants Draining into River Rwizi, Mbarara municipality, Uganda

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2019年第1期11卷 20-36页

作者： Jeninah Atwebembeire Morgan Andama Jane Yatuha Julius Bunny Lejju Grace Kagoro Rugunda Joel Bazira Department of Biology Faculty of Science Mbarara University of Science and Technology Mbarara Uganda Department of Biology Faculty of Science Muni University Arua Uganda Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine Mbarara University of Science and Technology Mbarara Uganda

As population increases in urban areas, the domestic and industrial activities increase resulting in an increase in the volumes of wastewater and anthropogenic pollution, hence posing a threat to public health and environment. This study assessed the physical chemical quality of two main sewage plant effluents discharging into River Rwizi. Effluent water samples were analyzed for dissolved oxygen, colour, turbidity, total suspended solid, total iron, phosphates, alkalinity, magnesium, calcium carbonate, temperature, pH, ammonium, electrical conductivity, chloride and nitrates. Parameters were analyzed following standard methods of APHA (1985). The values obtained were compared with EPA (2001), NWSC (2015) and NEMA (1999) standards for waste water. Results showed that the mean values most of the parameters tested were higher than the recommended EPA, NWSC and NEMA standards. The mean colour was 1627.67°C and 1414.33°C in Kakoba and Taso sewage effluents respectively compared to EPA (20-150), NWSC (500) and NEMA (300) standards (p > 0.05). The mean alkalinity was 1390.17 mg/l and 1308.33 mg/l for Kakoba and Taso respectively compared with EPA (400) and NWSC (800) standards. DO had a mean concentration of 68.27 mg/l and 63.03 mg/l in Taso and Kakoba respectively compared to EPA and NEMA standard of 5 mg/l. Mg was 243.29 mg/l and 246.49 mg/l in Kakoba and Taso sewage effluents respectively compared to NEMA standard for waste water of 100 mg/l (p > 0.05). The mean pH was 8.26 and 8.16 in Taso and Kakoba sewage effluents respectively compared to NWSC and NEMA standard of 6.0 - 8.0. Phosphate mean concentration levels were 32.2 mg/l and 27.11 mg/l for Taso and Kakoba respectively compared to standards of EPA (0.5 - 0.7 mg/l) and NEMA (10 mg/l). NO3 was 10 mg/l and 5.83 mg/l in Kakoba and Taso sewage effluents respectively compared to NWSC maximum permissible limit of 5 mg/l. The mean NH4 concentration was 385.33 mg/l (Kakoba) and 50.0 mg/l (Taso) compared to the EPA guidel

关键词： Physico-Chemical Effluents Sewage River Rwizi Mbarara municipality

Bacterial Analysis of Selected Drinking Water Sources in Mbarara municipality, Uganda

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2017年第8期9卷 999-1013页

作者： Ben Lukubye Morgan Andama Department of Biology Mbarara University of Science and Technology Mbarara Uganda

Surveillance of water quality to ensure microbiological safety is a vital public health function to prevent water borne diseases. Bacterial total coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) examination provide indication of the hygienic condition of drinking water and are major tools in the assessment of the health risk borne by pathogen in water. Unfortunately, there is insufficient information on the total coliform and E. coli amounts in the common drinking water sources in Mbarara municipality, Uganda despite the eminent anthropogenic sources of contamination. Hence the study established the sanitary risk and quantified the total coliform and E. coli load in selected drinking water sources in Mbarara municipality, Uganda. A total of 70 water samples were collected from selected boreholes, springs, wells and rainwater in Nyamitanga, Kamukuzi and Kakoba divisions of Mbarara municipality. The water samples were analysed for total coliform and E. coli abundance using the American Public Health Association (APHA) standard method. The total coliform and Escherichia coli counts were compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standard guidelines. The findings indicate that all the studied groundwater sources (boreholes, springs and wells) in Mbarara municipality were not compliant to either both or one of the WHO total coliform ( ml) and E. coli (0 CFU/100 ml) criteria for drinking water hence they are unsuitable for drinking without treatment e.g. boiling etc. Only rainwater collected from Mbarara University of Science and Technology met the WHO total coliform and E. coli criteria for drinking water thus is suitable for drinking without any treatment. There is a strong linkage between bacterial (total coliforms and E. coli) water quality and water source sanitation, as well as the proximity of latrines, animal farms and landfills around the water sources. Mbarara municipal council should therefore ensure effective and regular operation and maintenance

关键词： Drinking Water Sources Escherichia coli Mbarara municipality Total Coliforms

Analyzing Urban Expansion and Spatial Growth Patterns in Barahathawa municipality of Central Tarai Region, Nepal

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Journal of Geographical Research 2021年第2期4卷 1-9页

作者： Kedar Dahal Krishna PTimilsina Central Department of Geography Tribhuvan UniversityKathmanduNepal Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus Tribhuvan UniversityKathmanduNepal

The rapid transformation of rural settlements into municipalities in Nepal has brought significant changes in land use,and urban expansion and growth patterns mostly through the conversion of agricultural land into the built-up *** issue is studied taking a case of the rapidly growing town,Barahathawa municipality of Tarai Region of Sarlahi *** the declaration of the municipality,several new roads have been opened and upgraded;and the municipality is well-connected to the national transportation *** promulgated the Constitution of Nepal 2015 and functioning the elected local body,the municipality budget has been increased significantly as a result of increasing municipal investment in socio-economic and physical infrastructure development and environmental protection which has attracted people,goods,and services creating the zone of influence on the *** of the changes found in the municipality is the increasing built-up area and expansion of urban growth through the decreasing agricultural *** growth has been observed taking place around the Barahathawa Bazaar and main *** built-up area in Barahathawa municipality has remarkably increased by 183percent with the decrease of shrub and agricultural land within 10 ***tions of such spatial and temporal dynamics have been a core issue of urban planning in most of the newly declared municipalities in Nepal.

关键词： Land use Urban expansion municipality Built-up area Spatial planning

Crisis of Management of Household Waste in Abidjan, The Answer of the Informal Private Precollectors in the municipality of Yopougon (Côte d’Ivoire)

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2016年第13期4卷 58-71页

作者： Adomon Abodou Athanase Institut de Géographie Tropicale Université Félix Houphouet Boigny Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire

The present contribution aims at helping the Mayors to implement a less expensive and effective system of management of household refuse to Yopougon. Indeed, the incapacity of service providers to be assured the collection of the garbage and the failure of their systems of pre-collection favored the emergence of the informal private precollectors in the municipality of Yopougon. The regularity of the interventions of these new actors, the affordable cost of their services and the living environment daily freed the garbage incites the households to request them because they succeed better where service providers failed. Such an activity will have to be better organized because of supplier employment.

关键词： municipality Informal Private Precollectors Household Garbage Yopougon

The Impact of Malaria Control Interventions on Malaria and Anaemia in Children under Five after Ten Years of Implementation in the Hohoe municipality of Ghana

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2017年第3期7卷 93-105页

作者： Margaret Kweku Eric Kwaku Appiah Yeetey Enuameh Martin Adjuik Wisdom Takramah Elvis Tarkang John Gyapong School of Public Health University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana Dept. of Epidemiology Surveillance and Disease Control Public Health Division 37 Military Hospital Accra Ghana Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana Office of the Vice Chancellor University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana

Background: Malaria remains a dominant health issue among children in Ghana. We monitored the trend of long lasting insecticide net (LLIN) ownership and use and its impact on malaria and anaemia among children under five over the past decade in an area of intense, prolonged and seasonal malaria transmission. Methods: A total of 1717, 2155 and 1915 children were surveyed in June and 1717, 2155 and 1697 in November in 30 communities of the Hohoe municipality in 2006, 2010 and 2015 respectively. The primary outcomes monitored were the trend of LLIN ownership, use and prevalence of malaria and anaemia through cross-sectional surveys. Findings: Results showed a significantly positive trend (p Interpretation: Ownership of LLIN and its use together with other indicators of malaria prevalence generally improved five years after the implementation of a malaria control programme. Ten years after programme implementation, consistent improvement was only in LLIN ownership and use. Also malaria prevalence indicators improved in the post as compared to the pre-rainy season in the study communities.

关键词： Malaria Anaemia Long Lasting Insecticide Treated BedNets Children under Five Years Hohoe municipality Ghana

Physico-Chemical Quality of Selected Drinking Water Sources in Mbarara municipality, Uganda

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2017年第7期9卷 707-722页

作者： Ben Lukubye Morgan Andama Department of Biology Mbarara University of Science and Technology Mbarara Uganda

The study assessed the physico-chemical quality of selected drinking water sources (springs, boreholes, shallow wells and rainfall) in Mbarara municipality with respect to World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water guidelines and other guidelines in light of the increased anthropogenic activities in the municipality. A total of 70 water samples were collected from purposively selected boreholes, springs, wells and rainwater in Nyamitanga, Kamukuzi and Kakoba divisions of Mbarara municipality with various human activities. The samples were analysed for physico-chemical parameters: Temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Total hardness using American Public Health Association (APHA) standard methods. The mean temperature and pH ranged between 18.07 °C - 23.45 °C and 5.74 - 7.54, respectively. The mean DO values were found to be between 4.84 and 12.86 mg/l;whereas mean BOD was within the range of 1.83 - 7.71 mg/l. The mean TDS and EC of the water samples ranged, between 33.40 - 569.20 mg/l and 29.30 - 1139.90 μS/cm respectively. Furthermore, the lowest and highest mean total hardness were 70.00 and 264.00 mg/l, respectively. The recorded mean water temperatures for each of the water sources were above the WHO threshold temperature (15 °C) which makes drinking water palatable. Boreholes in Nyamitanga and Shuhaddea Secondary Schools, spring in Kiswahili, well in Kisenyi and rainwater in Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST) had mean pH below the WHO minimum guideline value (6.5) hence acidic. Borehole in Nyamitanga secondary school, spring in Kisenyi, shallow well in Nyamitanga and the rainwater in MUST had mean DO values below the WHO range (10 - 12 mg/l). Borehole in Shuhaddea Secondary School and the well in Kisenyi had average BOD values above the range of European Union guideline values (3 - 6 mg/l). TDS and EC of all the water sources were below the WHO

关键词： Drinking Water Sources Mbarara municipality Physico-Chemical Parameters