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Optimization of Route Repair in mobile ad-hoc network

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Journal of Shanghai University(English Edition) 2004年第2期8卷 169-176页

作者：李承汪为农 network and Information Center Network and Information Center Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai 200030 P.R. China Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai 200030 P.R. China

A main shortcoming of mobile ad-hoc network's reactive routing protocols is the large volume of far-reaching control traffic required to support the route discovery (RD) and route repair (RR) mechanism. Using a random mobility model, this paper derives the probability equation of the relative distance (RDIS) between any two mobile hosts in an ad-hoc network. Consequently, combining with average equivalent hop distance (AEHD), a host can estimate the routing hops between itself and any destination host each time the RD/RR procedure is triggered, and reduce the flooding area of RD/RR messages. Simulation results show that this optimized route repair (ORR) algorithm can significantly decrease the communication overhead of RR process by about 35%.

关键词： mobile ad-hoc network mobility model routing protocol optimized routing repair

Graph partitioning algorithm for opportunistic routing in large-scale wireless network

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The Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications 2009年第4期16卷 42-46页

作者： LI Yan-hua LIU Yuan-an Wireless Communication Center Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Beijing 100876 China

Opportunistic routing takes advantage of the broadcast nature of wireless communications by forwarding data through a set of opportunistic paths instead of one ＇best＇ path in traditional routing. However, using the global scheduling opportunistic scheme like the existing opportunistic routing protocol （ExOR） would consume considerable transmission latency and energy in large-scale wireless topologies. In this article, a graph partitioning algorithm is proposed, namely, minimum cut with laplacians （MCL）, to divide the ad-hoc network topology into subgraphs with minimized edge cuts across them. Then the existing opportunistic routing can be applied locally in each subgraph. In this way, forwarders in different subgraphs can transmit simultaneously, and each node only needs to maintain a local forwarder list instead of a global one. The simulations show that using MCL scheme in the opportunistic routing can reduce the end-to-end delay by about 49%, and increase the life time of the wireless node by about 39%.

关键词： opportunistic routing graph partitioning wireless routing mobile ad-hoc network

Hybrid Trust Based Reputation Mechanism for Discovering Malevolent Node in MANET

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Computer Systems Science & Engineering 2023年第3期44卷 2775-2789页

作者： S.Neelavathy Pari K.Sudharson Department of Computer Technology Anna UniversityChennai600025India Department of Information Technology Velammal Insitutue of TechnologyChennai601204India

A self-contained connection of wireless links that functions without any infrastructure is known as mobile ad hoc network(MANET).A MANET’s nodes could engage actively and dynamically with one ***,MAN-ETs,from the other side,are exposed to severe potential threats that are difficult to counter with present security *** a result,several safe communication protocols designed to enhance the secure interaction among MANET *** this research,we offer a reputed optimal routing value among network nodes,secure computations,and misbehavior detection predicated on node’s trust levels with a Hybrid Trust based Reputation Mechanism(HTRM).In addition,the study designs a robust Public Key Infrastructure(PKI)system using the suggested trust evaluation method in terms of“key”generation,which is a crucial component of a PKI *** also concentrate on the solid node authenticating process that relies on *** ensure edge-to-edge security,we assess safe,trustworthy routes to secure computations and authenticate mobile nodes,incorporating uncertainty into the trust management *** compared to other protocols,our recommended approach performs ***,we use simulations data and performance evaluation metrics to verify our suggested approach’s validity Our approach outperformed the competing systems in terms of overall end-to-end delay,packet delivery ratio,performance,power consumption,and key-computing time by 3.47%,3.152%,2.169%,and 3.527%,3.762%,significantly.

关键词： mobile ad-hoc network trust management secure authentication reputation mechanism secure routing

Modelling a Learning-Based Dynamic Tree Routing Model for Wireless Mesh Access networks

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Computer Systems Science & Engineering 2023年第2期44卷 1531-1549页

作者： N.Krishnammal C.Kalaiarasan A.Bharathi Department of Computer Science and Engineering Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and TechnologyCoimbatoreIndia School of Engineering Presidency UniversityBengaluruIndia Department of Information Technology Bannari Amman Institute of TechnologySathyamangalamIndia

Link asymmetry in wireless mesh access networks(WMAN)of mobile ad-hoc networks(MANETs)is due mesh routers’transmission *** is depicted as signiﬁcant research challenges that pose during the design of network protocol in wireless *** on the extensive review,it is noted that the substantial link percentage is symmetric,i.e.,many links are *** is identiﬁed that the synchronous acknowledgement reliability is higher than the asynchronous ***,the process of establishing bidirectional link quality through asynchronous beacons underrates the link reliability of asym-metric *** paves the way to exploit an investigation on asymmetric links to enhance network functions through link ***,a novel Learning-based Dynamic Tree routing(LDTR)model is proposed to improve network performance and *** the evaluation of delay measures,asymmetric link,interference,probability of transmission failure is *** proportion of energy consumed is used for monitoring energy conditions based on the total energy *** learning model is a productive way for resolving the routing issues over the network model during *** asymmetric path is chosen to achieve exploitation and exploration *** learning-based Dynamic Tree routing model is utilized to resolve the multi-objective routing ***,the simulation is done with MATLAB 2020a simulation environment and path with energy-efﬁciency and lesser E2E delay is evaluated and compared with existing approaches like the Dyna-Q-network model(DQN),asymmetric MAC model(AMAC),and cooperative asymmetric MAC model(CAMAC)*** simulation outcomes demonstrate that the anticipated LDTR model attains superior network performance compared to *** average energy consump-tion is 250 J,packet energy consumption is 6.5 J,PRR is 50 bits/sec,95%PDR,average delay percentage is 20%.

关键词： Wireless mesh access networks mobile ad-hoc network reinforcement learning multi-objective constraint asymmetric link

A Novel Method for Node Connectivity with adaptive Dragonfly Algorithm and Graph-Based m-Connection Establishment in MANET

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2020年第11期65卷 1649-1670页

作者： S.B.Manoojkumaar C.Poongodi Department of Computer Science and Engineering J.K.K.Munirajah College of TechnologyGobichettipalayamErode638506India Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Bannari Amman Institute of TechnologySathyamangalamErode638401India

Maximizing network lifetime is measured as the primary issue in mobile ad-hoc networks(MANETs).In geographically routing based models,packet transmission seems to be more appropriate in dense *** involvement of the Heuristic model directly is not appropriate to offer an effectual solution as it becomes NP-hard issues;therefore investigators concentrate on using Meta-heuristic *** Optimization(DFO)is an effective meta-heuristic approach to resolve these problems by providing optimal ***,Meta-heuristic approaches(DFO)turn to be slower in convergence problems and need proper computational time while expanding network ***,DFO is adaptively improved as adaptive Dragonfly Optimization(adFO)to fit this model and re-formulated using graph-based m-connection establishment(G-𝑚𝑚CE)to overcome computational time and DFO’s convergence based problems,considerably enhancing DFO ***(G-𝑚𝑚CE),Connectivity Zone(CZ)is chosen among source to destination in which optimality should be under those connected regions and adFO is used for effective route establishment in CZ indeed of complete networking *** measure complementary features of adFO and(G-𝑚𝑚CE),hybridization of DFO-(G-𝑚𝑚CE)is anticipated over dense circumstances with reduced energy consumption and delay to enhance network *** simulation was performed in MATLAB environment.

关键词： Routing connectivity zone adFO mobile ad-hoc network graph-based m-connection establishment

Dipper Throated Optimization for Detecting Black-Hole Attacks inMANETs

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第1期74卷 1905-1921页

作者： Reem Alkanhel El-Sayed M.El-kenawy Abdelaziz A.Abdelhamid Abdelhameed Ibrahim Mostafa Abotaleb Doaa Sami Khafaga Department of Information Technology College of Computer and Information SciencesPrincess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversityP.O.Box 84428Riyadh11671Saudi Arabia Department of Communications and Electronics Delta Higher Institute of Engineering and TechnologyMansoura35111Egypt Faculty of Artificial Intelligence Delta University for Science and TechnologyMansoura35712Egypt Department of Computer Science Faculty of Computer and Information SciencesAin Shams UniversityCairo11566Egypt Department of Computer Science College of Computing and Information TechnologyShaqra University11961Saudi Arabia Computer Engineering and Control Systems Department Faculty of EngineeringMansoura UniversityMansoura35516Egypt Department of System Programming South Ural State UniversityChelyabinsk454080Russia Department of Computer Sciences College of Computer and Information SciencesPrincess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman UniversityP.O.Box 84428Riyadh11671Saudi Arabia

In terms of security and privacy,mobile ad-hoc network(MANET)continues to be in demand for additional debate and *** more MANET applications become data-oriented,implementing a secure and reliable data transfer protocol becomes a major concern in the ***,MANET’s lack of infrastructure,unpredictable topology,and restricted resources,as well as the lack of a previously permitted trust relationship among connected nodes,contribute to the attack detection burden.A novel detection approach is presented in this paper to classify passive and active black-hole *** proposed approach is based on the dipper throated optimization(DTO)algorithm,which presents a plausible path out of multiple paths for statistics transmission to boost MANETs’quality of service.A group of selected packet features will then be weighed by the DTO-based multi-layer perceptron(DTO-MLP),and these features are collected from nodes using the Low Energy adaptive Clustering Hierarchical(LEACH)clustering *** is a powerful classifier and the DTO weight optimization method has a significant impact on improving the classification process by strengthening the weights of key features while suppressing the weights ofminor *** hybridmethod is primarily designed to combat active black-hole *** the LEACH clustering phase,however,can also detect passive black-hole *** effect of mobility variation on detection error and routing overhead is explored and evaluated using the suggested *** diverse mobility situations,the results demonstrate up to 97%detection accuracy and faster execution ***,the suggested approach uses an adjustable threshold value to make a correct conclusion regarding whether a node is malicious or benign.

关键词： Black-hole attack mobile ad-hoc network optimization dipper throated optimization

Improvisation of Node Mobility Using Cluster Routing-based Group adaptive in MANET

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Computer Systems Science & Engineering 2023年第3期44卷 2619-2636页

作者： J.Shanthini P.Punitha S.Karthik Department of Computer Science&Engineering Dr.N.G.P.Institute of EngineeringCoimbatoreTamilnaduIndia Department of Computer Science&Engineering SNS College of TechnologyCoimbatoreTamilnaduIndia

In today's Internet routing infrastructure,designers have addressed scal-ing concerns in routing constrained multiobjective optimization problems examining latency and mobility concerns as a secondary *** tactical mobile ad-hoc network(MANET),hubs can function based on the work plan in various social affairs and the internally connected hubs are almost having the related moving standards where the topology between one and the other are tightly coupled in steady support by considering the touchstone of hubs such as a self-sorted out,self-mending and *** in the routing process is one of the key aspects to increase MANET performance by coordinat-ing the pathways using multiple criteria and *** present a Group adaptive Hybrid Routing Algorithm(GAHRA)for gathering portability,which pursues table-driven directing methodology in stable accumulations and on-request steering strategy for versatile *** on this aspect,the research demonstrates an adjustable framework for commuting between the table-driven approach and the on-request approach,with the objectives of enhancing the out-put of MANET routing computation in each *** analysis and replication results reveal that the proposed method is promising than a single well-known existing routing approach and is well-suited for sensitive MANET applications.

关键词： Diplomatic mobile ad-hoc network grouping mobility interior stable hybrid routing scheme adaptive switch structure clustering communication

Prediction of Link Failure in MANET-IoT Using Fuzzy Linear Regression

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Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing 2023年第5期36卷 1627-1637页

作者： R.Mahalakshmi V.Prasanna Srinivasan S.Aghalya D.Muthukumaran Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan College of Engineering and TechnologyMamallapuramTamil NaduIndia Department of Information Technology R.M.D.Engineering CollegeKavaraipettaiChennaiTamil NaduIndia Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering St.Joseph’s College of EngineeringChennaiTamil NaduIndia Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya UniversityKancheepuramTamil NaduIndia

A mobile ad-hoc network(MANET)contains numerous mobile nodes,and it forms a structure-less network associated with wireless ***,the node movement is the key feature of MANETs;hence,the quick action of the nodes guides a link *** link failure creates more data packet drops that can cause a long time *** a result,measuring accurate link failure time is the key factor in the *** paper presents a Fuzzy Linear Regression Method to measure Link Failure(FLRLF)and provide an optimal route in the MANET-Internet of Things(IoT).This work aims to predict link failure and improve routing efﬁciency in *** Fuzzy Linear Regression Method(FLRM)measures the long lifespan link based on the link *** mobile node group is built by the Received Signal Strength(RSS).The Hill Climbing(HC)method selects the Group Leader(GL)based on node mobility,node degree and node ***,it uses a Data Gathering node forward the infor-mation from GL to the sink node through multiple *** GL is identiﬁed by linking lifespan and energy using the Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)*** simulation results demonstrate that the FLRLF approach increases the GL lifespan and minimizes the link failure time in the MANET.

关键词： mobile ad-hoc network fuzzy linear regression method link failure detection particle swarm optimization hill climbing

Fuzzy Reputation Based Trust Mechanism for Mitigating Attacks in MANET

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Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing 2023年第3期35卷 3677-3692页

作者： S.Maheswari R.Vijayabhasker Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Anna University Regional CampusCoimbatore641046India

mobile ad-hoc networks(MANET)usage across the globe is increas-ing by the *** a node’s trust value has signiﬁcant advantages since such network applications only run efﬁciently by involving trustable *** trust values are estimated based on the reputation values of each node in the network by using different ***,these mechanisms have various challenging issues which degrade the network ***,a novel Quality of Service(QoS)Trust Estimation with Black/Gray hole Attack Detection approach is proposed in this research ***,the QoS-based trust estimation is proposed by using a Fuzzy logic *** trust value of each node is estimated by using each node’s reputation values which are deter-mined based on the fuzzy membership function values and utilizing QoS para-meters such as residual energy,bandwidth,node mobility,and *** mechanism prevents only the black hole attack in the network during ***,the gray hole attacks are not identiﬁed which in turn increases the pack-et drop rate signiﬁ***,the gray hole attack is also detected based on the Kullback-Leibler(KL)divergence method used for estimating the statistical *** QoS metrics are considered to prevent the gray hole attack,such as packet loss,packet delivery ratio,and delay for each ***,the proposed mechanism prevents both black hole and gray hole attacks ***-ly,the simulation results show that the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism compared with the other trust-aware routing protocols in MANET.

关键词： mobile ad-hoc network trust estimation blackhole grayhole attack fuzzy logic qos parameters kullback-leibler divergence