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The Kalahari impacts Hypothesis for the Birth of the Moon： Did Morokweng meteorite Impact （145 Ma） Break up the Gondwanaland and Ignite Volcanic Explosion to Form the Moon？

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Journal of Geological Resource and Engineering 2016年第2期4卷 73-80页

作者： Kumon "Kimiaki" Tokumaru Sela'den-cho 3-4-17 Oita-city Oita 870-0048 Japan

When gigantic meteorite impact sites in Southern Africa are plotted on the geological map of the region, they overlap with the SW-NE fault lines and it indicates that meteorite impacts have contributed to the geological structure of the region. The Morokweng meteorite Impact of 145 Ma （Million years ago）, at the J/K （Jurassic/Cretaceous） boundary, seems to have broken up the Gondwanaland. It is plausible that, at the time of continental break-up, seawater poured into Morokweng crater and ignited a gigantic volcanic eruption which delivered low viscose magma into the outer space to form the Moon. An extremely flat surface of the Megakalahari extending 3,800,000 sq. km at 800-1,200 m above sea level in the central and southern Africa seems to be the terrestrial residue of fluid magma at the end of the volcanic event.

关键词： Birth of the Moon meteorite impacts J/K boundary Gondwanaland Break-up Modem Human Howiesons Poort PlateTectonics volcanic eruption large rapid sea level change.

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The fallacy of interpreting SSDS with different types of breccias as seismites amid the multifarious origins of earthquakes:Implications

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2017年第1期6卷 12-44页

作者： G.Shanmugam Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTX 76019USA

At present, there are no criteria to distinguish soft-sediment deformation structures （SSDS） formed by earthquakes from SSDS formed by the other 20 triggering mechanisms （see a companion paper in Vol 5, No. 4 of this journal by Shanmugam, 2016）. Even if one betieves that earthquakes are the true triggering mechanism of SSDS in a given case, the story is stiff incomptete. This is because earthquakes （seismic shocks） are induced by a variety of causes： 1） glbaltectonics and associated faults （i.e., midocean ridges, trenches, and transform fautts）; 2） meteorite-impact events; 3） volcanic eruptions; 4） post-gtacialuplift; 5） tsunami impact; 6 cyclonic impact; 7） landslides （mass-transport deposits）; 8） tidal activity; 9） sea-tevet rise; 10） erosion; and 11） fluid pumping. These different causes are important for devetoping SSDS. Breccias are an important group of SSDS. Although there are many types of breccias classified on the basis of their origin, five types are discussed here （fault, volcanic, meteorite impact, sedimentary-depositionaL, sedimentary-collapse）. Atthough different breccia types may resemble each other, distinguishing one type （e.g., meteorite breccias） from the other types （e.g., fault, volcanic, and sedimentary breccias） has important imptications. 1） meteorite breccias are characterized by shock features （e.g., planar deformation features in mineral grains, planar fractures, high-pressure polymorphs, shock melts, etc.）, whereas sedimentary- depositional breccias （e.g., debrites） do not. 2） meteorite breccias imply a confined sediment distribution in the vicinity of craters, whereas sedimentary-depositional breccias imply an unconfined sediment distribution, variable sediment transport, and variable sediment provenance. 3） meteorite, volcanic, and fault breccias are invariabty subjected to diagenesis and hydrothermat mineratization with attered reservoir quality, whereas sedimentary-depositional breccias exhibit primary （unaltered） reservoir quality.

关键词： Breccias Earthquakes Faults Global tectonics meteorite impacts Seismites Soft-sedimentdeformation structures (SSDS)

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The seismite problem

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2016年第4期5卷 318-362页

作者： G.Shanmugam Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Texas at Arlington

During a period of 82 years （1931-2013）, 39 genetic terms were introduced for various deposits. Of the 39 terms, only ten are meaningful in understandin8 the true depositional origin （e.9., turbidites）, the remaining 29 are just jargons （e.g., seismites, tsunamites, etc.）. The genetic term ＂seismites＂, introduced by Seitacher （1969） for recognizing pa[aeoearthquakes in the sedimentary record, is a misnomer. The term was introduced in haste, based on an examination of a single exposure of the Miocene Monterey Formation （10 m） in California, without a rigorous scientific analysis. The fundamental problem is that earthquake is a triggering mechanism, not a depositional process. Type of triggers cannot be recognized in the ancient sedimentary record because evidence for triggers is not preserved by nature. Soft-sediment deformation structures （SSDS）, commonly used as the criteria for interpreting seismites, are a product of liquefaction. However, liquefaction can be induced by any one of 21 triggers, which include earthquakes, meteorite impacts, tsunamis, sediment loading, among others. Brecciated ciasts, typically associated with earthquake-induced deposits in the Dead Sea Basin, are also common depositional products of debris flows （i.e., synsedimentary product unrelated to earthquakes）. Also, various types of SSDS, such as duplex-like structures and ctastic injections, can be explained by synsedimentary processes unrelated to earthquakes. Case studies of sandstone petroleum res- ervoirs worldwide, which include Gulf of Mexico, North Sea, Norwegian Sea, Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and Bay of Bengal, reveal that there is compelling empirical evidence for sediment loading being the primary cause of SSDS. The Krishna-Godavari Basin, located on the eastern continental margin of India, is ideal for sediment failures by multiple triggering mechanisms where overpressure and liquefaction have ted to multi-origin SSDS. Because tsunamis and meteorite impacts are importan

关键词： Soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS) Seismites Earthquakes meteorite impacts Liquefaction Clastic injections

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Structural analysis of rubble-pile asteroids applied to collisional evolution

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Astrodynamics 2017年第1期1卷 57-69页

作者： Yang Yu Derek CRichardson Patrick Michel School of Aeronautic Science and Technology Beihang UniversityBeijing 100191China Department of Astronomy University of MarylandCollege Park MD 20740-2421USA Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur UMR 7293 Lagrange/CNRS06304 Nice Cedex 4France

Solar system small bodies come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes,which are achieved following very individual evolutional paths through billions of ***,some common mechanisms can still be found during these processes,e.g.,rubble-pile asteroids tend towards fluid equilibrium as they are reshaped by external *** paper focuses on the reshaping process of rubble-pile asteroids driven by meteorite impacts.A mesoscale cluster of solid spheres is employed as the principal model for a rubble-pile asteroid,for which little is actually known about their interior *** take this simple model as a rough guide to the qualitative aspects of the reshaping processes,and it can reveal,to some degree,the inner workings of rubble-pile *** our study,numerous possible equilibrium configurations are obtained via Monte Carlo simulation,and the structural stability of these configurations is determined via eigen analysis of the geometric *** eigen decomposition reveals a connection between the cluster’s reactions and the types of external *** simulations are performed to verify the analytical *** gravitational N-body code pkdgrav is used to mimic the responses of the cluster under intermittent non-dispersive *** statistically confirm that the stability index I S,the total gravitational potential P G,and the volume of inertia ellipsoid V E show consistent tendency of variation.A common regime is found in which the clusters tend towards crystallization under intermittent impacts,i.e.,only the configurations with high structural stability survive under the external *** results suggest the trivial non-disruptive impacts might play an important role in the rearrangement of the constituent blocks,which may strengthen these rubble piles and help to build a robust structure under impacts of similar *** final part of this study consists of systematic simulations over two parameters

关键词： asteroids interior structure geological processes N-body simulations gravitational aggregates meteorite impacts

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