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Juvenile survival curves in a solitary ground squirrel with a prolonged hibernation:effects of individual characteristics,environment,and maternal investment

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Current Zoology 2024年第1期70卷 13-23页

作者： Nina A.Vasilieva Liudmila E Savinetskaya Andrey V.Tchabovsky A.N.Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow 119071Russia

Juvenile survival is a key life-history influence on population dynamics and adaptive *** analyzed the effects of individual chara-cteristics,early environment,and maternal investment on juvenile survival in a large solitary hibernating rodent-yellow ground squirrel Spermophilus fulvus using Cox mixed-effects *** 48%of weaned pups survived to dispersal and 17%survived to *** life expectancy was primarily determined by individual characteristics and,to a lesser extent,by the early *** strongest and pos-itive predictor of juvenile survival was body mass which crucially affected mortality immediately after *** suffered higher mortality than females after the onset of dispersal;however,the overall difference between sexes was partly masked by high rates of mortality in the first days after emergence in both *** emerged juveniles had lower life expectancy than the earliest *** overall effect of local juvenile density was *** lactation did not enhance juvenile survival:Pups nursed longer survived shorter than the young nursed for a shorter *** findings support the hypothesis that females of *** cannot effectively regulate maternal expenditures to mitigate the effects of unfavorable conditions on their *** strategy to deal with seasonal time constraints on life history in female *** suggests an early termination of maternal care at the cost of juvenile quality and *** female reproductive strategy corresponds to a"fast-solitary"life of folivorous desert-dwelling *** and other solitary ground squirrels with prolonged hibernation.

关键词： early-life conditions ground squirrels hibernation juvenile mortality maternal investment survival curves

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Behavioural responses of ex-situ captive hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) in lactation season: maternal investment and plasticity of infant self-independence

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Frontiers in Biology 2010年第6期5卷 556-563页

作者： Wei CHEN Mallikarjun PHANDIGUND Jinghua MA Lucia Lopez LOPEZ Xianfu ZHANG Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics Zoological InstituteUniversity of KielKiel 24118Germany Ecology Center University of KielKiel 24118Germany Hangzhou Wildlife Park Hangzhou 311422China Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Forest Cultivation Zhejiang A&F UniversityZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 311300China

In order to promote hippopotamus manage-ment in the captive and ex-situ environment,especially the control of behavioural and physiological status during breeding and lactation seasons,we conducted a prelimin-ary study on behavioural responses of a pair of hippos including both mother and infant in Hangzhou Wildlife Park,*** study of the captive hippos for about 1-month in the lactation season was carried out during August and September,*** behavioural patterns were identiﬁed by all occurrence sampling and instanta-neous scanning sampling methods with 5–10 min *** a result,mother-offspring conﬂicts and interactions did occur throughout the whole study *** maternal investment showed a positive trend in activity rhythms(slope=0.0014,Z=0.3027,P<0.001)and a negative trend(slope=–0.0066,Z=0.8807,P<0.001)in territorial occupation of water,all of which supported our hypotheses that the mother hippo might exert less care for the infant and cut down on her own obligations in *** infant self-independence,during the whole lactation season,the primary trends of activities and territorial occupation dynamics of the infant hippo were slightly different from before,judging from linear models(slope=–0.0017,Z=0.3309,P<0.001).However,the frequencies of activities were not stable,especially at around 12 days of *** trends of territorial occupation(slope=–0.0071,Z=0.904,P<0.001)also showed negative dynamics in water body occupation by the time the infant hippo grew *** general trend(slope=–0.005,Z=0.06,P<0.001)of suckling dynamics was demonstrably negative,with an upwardsﬂuctuation at period 3(10–15th day).This also illustrated that as the infant developed,the dependency on the mother was reduced at the end of the lactation *** addition,a sharp decline between P3 and P4 also supported the mother-offspring conﬂict *** general,time budgets of hippos in active behaviour were(31.8�2.1)%for the mother and(32.1�2.6)%for the ***

关键词： hippopotamus(hippopotamus amphibius) behaviour captive maternal investment infant indepen-dence lactation season zoo

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