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On the Current and Restoration Conditions of the Southern Iraqi marshes: Application of the CCME WQI on East Hammar Marsh

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2011年第3期2卷 316-322页

作者： Azhar Al-Saboonchi Abdul-Razak M. Mohamed Abdul Hameed M. Jawad Alobaidy Haider S. Abid Bahram K. Maulood 不详

Water quality of the East Hammar marsh after restoration was assessed by using the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI).The model was applied in two approaches based on the historical data and the CCME aquatic life guidelines as objectives. Variables included in the index calculation were Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Salinity, pH value, Total Nitrogen, Ammonia, Nitrate, Phosphorus and Sodium. The CCME WQI analysis in both approaches reflected that water quality of the East Hammar marsh is rated as poor based on 2005-2006 data, meaning that the conditions of the marsh are often depart from natural or desirable levels particularly in respect to sodium and nitrogenous compounds;it simply has not recovered yet. The results reflect that the marsh area is still far from the current guideline criteria and, too far from restoration.

关键词： WQI Iraqi marshes Restoration Nature Iraq

Phytoplankton Index of Biological Integrity (P-IBI) in Several marshes, Southern IRAQ

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2011年第4期2卷 387-394页

作者： Bahram K. Maulood Abdul Hameed M. Jawad Alobaidy Azhar Alsaboonchi Haider S. Abid Ghasak S. Alobaidy Department of Biology College of Science for Women University of Baghdad Baghdad Iraq Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources University of Basrah Basrah Iraq Environmental Research Center University of Technology Baghdad Iraq Twin Rivers Institute American University of Iraq-Sulaimani Sulaimani Iraq

Indices of Biological Integrity (IBIs) are being increasingly used as useful and direct tools for assessing general health of aquatic ecosystems. Although such ecosystems in Iraq, especially the southern marshes, underwent severe alterations during the last two decades, including extensive desiccation in the 1990s, such tools are largely lacking. Phytoplankton Index of Biological Integrity (P-IBI) was developed from data collected seasonally from 2005 up to 2007 in different sites of the southern marshes of Iraq to evaluate the trend of these ecosystems based on phytoplankton data. Ten metrics were selected for measuring P-IBI for the first time in Iraq as a proposed project from Nature Iraq and Twin Rivers Institute, American University of Iraq-Sulaimani. Although generally fluctuated both spatially and temporally, mean P-IBI scores showed better conditions in Al Hawizeh marsh (Good) as compared to the Central and West & East Al Hammar marshes (Fair to Good). However, the results generally indicated evidence of improvement at the Central and West & East Al Hammar marshes, whereas no recovery of the status of water was evident throughout the data obtained at Al Hawizeh marsh. Values were generally higher in winter. These observations clearly reflect the relative stability of the Hawizeh marsh ecosystem which was not subject to the desiccation process in the 1990s, while the severely dried systems of the Central and Hammar marshes are showing positive responses to the restoration efforts that were started after 2003. Among the ten metrics comprising the index, relative abundance of diatoms had the most prominent effect on the P-IBI value in the three marshes. Metrics such as chlorophyll- a concentration and relative abundance of Cyanophyta and Chlorophyta also played a significant role in determining the index value. Continuous monitoring based on the selection of the most suitable metrics is recommended.

关键词： IBI Nature Iraq marshes Aquatic Ecology

Control of wind-wave power on morphological shape of salt marsh margins

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Water Science and Engineering 2020年第1期13卷 45-56页

作者： Alvise Finotello Marco Marani Luca Carniello Mattia Pivato Marcella Roner Laura Tommasini Andrea D'alpaos Department of Geosciences University of PadovaPadova 35131Italy Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and StatisticsUniversity of Venice Ca'FoscariVenice 30172Italy Center for Lagoon Hydrodynamics and Morphodynamics University of PadovaPadova 35131Italy Department of Civil Environmental and Architectural EngineeringUniversity of PadovaPadova 35131Italy

Salt marshes are among the most common morphological features found in tidal landscapes and provide ecosystem services of primary ecological and economic ***,the continued rise in relative sea level and increasing anthropogenic pressures threaten the sustainability of these *** alarmingly high rates of salt marsh loss observed worldwide,mainly dictated by the lateral erosion of their margins,call for new insights into the mutual feedbacks among physical,biological,and morphological processes that take place at the critical interface between salt marshes and the adjoining tidal *** combined field measurements,remote sensing data,and numerical modeling to investigate the interplays between wind waves and the morphology,ecology,and planform evolution of salt marsh margins in the Venice Lagoon of *** results confirm the existence of a positive linear relationship between incoming wave power density and rates of salt marsh lateral *** addition,we show that lateral erosion significantly decreases when halophytic vegetation colonizes the marsh margins,and that different erosion rates in vegetated margins are associated with different *** marsh cliffs and smooth shorelines are expected along rapidly eroding margins,whereas erosion rates are reduced in gently sloped,irregular edges facing shallow tidal flats that are typically exposed to low wind-energy *** highlighting the relationships between the dynamics and functional forms of salt marsh margins,our results represent a critical step to address issues related to conservation and restoration of salt marsh ecosystems,especially in the face of changing environmental forcings.

关键词： Salt marshes Wind waves Lateral erosion Morphodynamics Vegetation

Karun and Shatt Al-Arab River System: Historic and Modern Attempts to Manage Iran’s Lifeline

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2024年第7期14卷 416-447页

作者： Kenneth Ray Olson Sergey Stanislavovich Chernyanskii Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA EnviSoilCons Pr. Belgrade Serbia

The Islamic Republic of Iran’s principal rivers are the Karun and Shatt al-Arab. The Karun River has a 950 km length. The Karun River starting point is the convergence of the Amand, Kuhrang, and Bazoft rivers. From their headwater sources in the mountains of eastern Iran, these rivers descend through valleys and gorges and flow into the plains of Iran. The Shatt al-Arab River drains an area of 879,790 square kilometers which includes land in Iran, Syria, Türkiye, Kuwait, and Iraq. The Karun joins Shatt al-Arab 110 km downriver from the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers and flows 85 km into the Persian Gulf. The Karun river flows in a southwestern direction through the central plain and provides about 10 per cent of the water balance of Iran’s largest wetland, the Shadegan, which includes permanent marshes, lakes, and riparian habitats. The article summarizes a vast array of publications on the stated topic and this civilizationally important region in order to draw additional attention to its interdependent environmental, economic and political problems the successful resolution of which is only possible with the participation of the entire research community.

关键词： Shatt Al-Arab River Iraq Karun River Baghdad Sinjar marshes Soil Tunnels