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A REVIEW ON RESEARCH ON DEVELOPMENT OF LIGAMENT CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONS ON macro, MESO, AND MICRO LEVELS

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Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica 2013年第4期26卷 331-343页

作者： Chao Wan Zhixiu Hao Shizhu Wen State Key Laboratory of Tribology Tsinghua University

Ligaments are densely connective soft tissues capable of maintaining stability and function of knee *** an important factor,the constitutive relation of ligament would affect its biomechanics and further play an essential role in the research on ligament injury,healing and *** objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current research on ligament constitutive relations on the macro,meso,and micro levels as well as the anatomy and histological structure of *** studies of biomechanical behaviors during ligament injury and healing periods have also been *** on the research on ligament constitutive relation in the past three decades,a discussion of some research perspectives is also presented,such as a validated accurate measuring method of in situ strain in ligament,a new constitutive relation involving the distribution of ultra-structural properties,and a rational estimation of ligament injury and healing process by the change of its ultra-structural or histological characteristics.

关键词： constitutive relation ligament ultra-structure macro meso micro

Benthic macro red alga:A new possible bio-precursor of Jurassic mudstone source rocks in the northern Qaidam Basin,northwestern China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2009年第5期52卷 647-654页

作者： CAO Jian BIAN LiZeng HU Kai LIU YunTian WANG LiQun YANG ShaoYong CHEN Yan PENG XiaoQun State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research Department of Earth SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjing 210093China PetroChina Qinghai Oilfield Company Dunhuang 736202China

Whether benthic macroalga can be an important type of bio-precursor of source rocks is a contentious issue in source-rock studies,and has not been well *** paper represents a case study of Jurassic mudstone source rocks from the northern Qaidam Basin,northwestern China,in which the benthic macro red algae were recognized for the first time based on combined organic petrological and biomarker *** found not only cystocarps in the algae,representative of rhodophyta,but also diahopanes,which are diagnostic biomarkers of such ***,as many reservoired oils in the northern Qaidam Basin contain abundant diahopanes,it may indicate that the red algae have contributed to hydrocarbon *** was confirmed by integrated geological and geochemical ***,this study provides new evidence for macroalga-generated hydrocarbons.

关键词： bioprecursor of source rock benthic macro red alga(rhodophyta) 17α(H)-C30 diahopane Jurassic the northern Qaidam Basin

Seasonal and Spatial Variations of macro Benthos in the Intertidal Mudflat of Southern Yellow River Delta,China in 2007/2008

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2018年第2期17卷 437-444页

作者： ZOU Li YAO Xiao YAMAGUCHI Hitomi GUO Xinyu GAO Huiwang WANG Kai SUN Mingyi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology Ministry of EducationOcean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China College of Environmental Science and Engineering Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China Environmental Protection Bureau Dongying 257091China Faculty of Agriculture Kagawa University2393 IkenobeKitaMiki 7610795Japan Affiliation&Position National University Corporation Ehime University Ehime 79085775Japan Department of Marine Sciences University of GeorgiaAthens 30602-3636USA

In order to examine the seasonal and spatial distributions of benthic animals in the intertidal mudflat of the southern Yellow River Delta,field investigations were carried out in 2007 and 2008 and multiple methods were *** showed that,the biomass of macro benthos ranged at 0.75-1151.00 g wet m^(-2) and averaged at 156.31 g wet m^(-2),in which Mactra veneriformis accounted for 75.6%-93.4% of the total macro benthic *** than 90% of macro benthos inhabited in the middle and low tide lines,and higher biomass occurred in early summer and lower in *** analysis showed that:1)*** growth was primarily favored at higher temperature and lower salinity;2)after long time interaction,benthic bivalve grazers led to patching distributions of Chlorophyll a(Chl a);3)macro benthic biomass positively related with Chl a when the concentration of Chl a was low,but they were negatively related when Chl a concentration was high;and 4)furthermore,the biomass of benthic bivalves peaked in the sediment with median grain size about 0.55 mm,but decreased gradually in coarse or fine *** secondary productivity ranged at 0.37-283.68 g m^(-2)yr^(-1) and averaged at 47.88 g m^(-2) yr^(-1),in which 69.7% was contributed by *** It was estimated that primary production was transformed to secondary production at a rate of 6.87%approximately,which implies that there is a local sustainability of high bivalve production.

关键词： macro benthos Mactra veneriformis distribution intertidal mudflat southern Yellow River Delta

An overview of laser-based multiple metallic material additive manufacturing: from macro- to micro-scales

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International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing 2021年第1期3卷 46-69页

作者： Chao Wei Zhizhou Zhang Dongxu Cheng Zhe Sun Menghui Zhu Lin Li Laser Processing Research Centre Department of MechanicalAerospace and Civil EngineeringThe University of ManchesterManchester M139PLUnited Kingdom

Additive manufacturing(AM)is an emerging customized three-dimensional(3D)functional product fabrication *** provides a higher degree of design freedom,reduces manufacturing steps,cost and production ***,existing metallic component 3D printing techniques are mainly for the manufacture of single material *** the increasing commercial applications of AM technologies,the need for 3D printing of more than one type of dissimilar materials in a single component ***,investigations on multi-material AM(MMAM)emerge over the past *** are currently widely used for the AM of metallic components where high temperatures are *** we report the progress and trend in laser-based macro-and micro-scale AM of multiple metallic *** methods covered in this paper include laser powder bed fusion,laser powder directed energy deposition,and laser-induced forward transfer for MMAM *** principles and process/material characteristics are *** applications and challenges are ***,future research directions and prospects are proposed.

关键词： laser multi-materials metal macro micro laser powder bed fusion laser metal deposition laser-induced forward transfer

macro Rain Water Harvesting Network to Estimate Annual Runoff at Koysinjaq (Koya) District, Kurdistan Region of Iraq

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Engineering（科研） 2013年第12期5卷 956-966页

作者： Saleh Zakaria Nadhir Al-Ansari Yaseen T. Mustafa M. D. J. Alshibli Sven Knutsson Department of Civil Environmental & Natural Resources Engineering Lulea University of Technology Lulea Sweden Department of Water Resources Engineering University of Mosul Mosul Iraq Department of Civil Environmental & Natural Resources Engineering Lulea University of Technology Lulea Sweden Ministry of Water Resources Baghdad Iraq University of Zakho Duhok Iraq

macro rainwater harvesting techniques (macro RWH) are getting more popular to overcome the problem of water scarcity in arid and semi-arid areas. Iraq is experiencing serious water shortage problem now despite of the presence of Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. RWH can help to overcome this problem. In this research, RWH was applied in Koya City in its districts, North West Iraq. Twenty-two basins were identified as the catchment area for the application of RWH technique. Watershed modeling system (WMS), based on Soil Conservation Service-curve number (SCS-CN) method, was applied to calculate direct runoff from individual daily rain storm using average annual rainfall records of the area. Two consecutive adjustments for the curve number were considered. The first was for the antecedent moisture condition (AMC) and the second was for the slope. These adjustments increased the total resultant harvested runoff up to 79.402 × 106 m3. The average percentage of increase of harvested runoff volume reached 9.28%. This implies that water allocation is of the order of 2000 cubic meter per capita per year. This quantity of water will definitely help to develop the area.

关键词： macro Rainwater Harvesting Koysinjaq Kurdistan Region Iraq

Assessment of the Diversity of macro Aquatic Species in Amburayan River in Kapangan, Benguet in the Philippines

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Open Journal of Marine Science 2018年第3期8卷 323-354页

作者： Marx Perfecto C. Garcia Annie Melinda Paz-Alberto Tereso A. Abella Chito F. Sace Eric G. Claudio Arneil G. Gabriel Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Regional Office 1 Cordillera Administrative Region Baguio City Philippines Central Luzon State University Mu&ntilde oz City Philippines Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology Cabanatuan City Philippines Department of Public Administration Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology Cabanatuan City Philippines

Little is known about the diversity and status of endemic freshwater fishes which are valuable bio-indicators of ecosystem health and an integral part of a country’s natural heritage. Some of the less studied areas in the Philippines are the river systems in the Cordillera which are equally important as that of the other freshwater systems in the country. Amburayan River in Kapangan, Benguet is one of the rivers in the said region. Thus assessment study of the diversity of macro aquatic species was conducted to provide a baseline data in the formulation of resource management strategies and polices. By using a mixture of qualitative and quantitative research methods, the study determined and identified the presence of macro species in the study area. It applied the National Stock Assessment Program (NSAP) procedures in the gathering of samples while identification and determination of fish stocks were done by morphometric analysis of the catch with the help of available references and assistance of experts. This is later verified through submission of samples to the National Fisheries Research Development Institute (NFRDI) as part of the NSAP areas for DNA analysis. The measurement of the impacts of human activities to the river systems was done using the checklist method by Smith and Smith. The study found that there is low biodiversity of macro aquatic species in the area because of the presence of introduced species, illegal fishing practices, quarrying and mining activities. There are also no indigenous or traditional management measures conducted to conserve the river ecosystem biodiversity. The study recommended that similar study be done in other areas of the river and that the government agencies to undertake fisheries programs which would regulate the exploitation and utilization and allow regeneration of macro aquatic species in the river system.

关键词： Assessment Study macro Aquatic Species River System The Philippines

Role of Flexible macro Fibre Composite (MFC) Actuator on Bragg Wavelength Tuning in Microstructure Polymer Optical Fibre Long Period Grating for Strain Sensing Applications

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Journal of Sensor Technology 2013年第3期3卷 75-83页

作者： Asok K. Dikshit Akhil Raj V. L. BRIC Inc. New Alipore Kolkata India Department of Energy Studies The Glocal University Delhi-Yamunotri Marg Saharanpur (UP) India

The microstructure polymer optical fibre (mPOF) inscribed long period grating (LPG) offers a wide field of application in strain sensors arena within the materials elastic limit. Flexible innovative macro fibre composite (MFC) actuator generates electromechanical force under DC driving voltage. We propose a novel method for Bragg wavelength blue shifting through stretch tuning of mPOF LPG in axial direction under applied DC voltage on attached MFC with LPG. The grating period of mPOF LPG changes refractive index and causes blue shift of Bragg grating fibre wavelength. The shifting governs on the values of generated electromechanically strain transfer from flexible MFC to mPOF LPG and they have potential applications in strain sensor.

关键词： Microstructure Polymer Optical Fibre (mPOF) Long Period Grating (LPG) macro Fibre Composite (MFC) Actuator Strain Sensing Blue Shifting

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PDP—11 macro

信息与控制 1979年第Z1期15卷 169-180页

作者：乔贵文

PDP-11 macro是比PDP-11 PAL更进一步的汇编语言,它的主要功能是提供写软件系统的一个初级工具,也可以面向实业用户。它使得程序员避免了大量的手编机器代码某些代真及地址分配上的繁杂工作。PDP-11macro加工程序,把写成MA-CRO 汇编语... 详细信息

PDP-11 macro是比PDP-11 PAL更进一步的汇编语言,它的主要功能是提供写软件系统的一个初级工具,也可以面向实业用户。它使得程序员避免了大量的手编机器代码某些代真及地址分配上的繁杂工作。PDP-11macro加工程序,把写成MA-CRO 汇编语言的源程序加工成可浮动的目的程序。源程序可分块,各块之间由全局符号和外部符号联结。各块加工成目的模块之后由联结程序把它们联结起来,组成装入模块供装入执行。源程序分块浮动有很大好处,便于修改、调整,联合编写程序等优点。至于高级的工具语言的编译程序用初级工具语言来写也不无好处。

关键词：宏指令定义变元伪指令程序段 macro 符号表 PDP

The Influence of macro and Micro Contexts on Teaching and Learning in the Classroom

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海外英语 2014年第9X期 23-28页

作者：叶译广东省湛江第一中学教导处

This paper is based on three observations and independent thinking of the classroom teaching of the author’s *** attempts to examine how macro and micro contexts affect teaching and learning in the *** author focuses the discussion on three aspects:(i)the present EFL contextual setting in China;(ii)the influence of the evaluation system on both teachers and students;(iii)his own beliefs as a ***,he comes to the implications that teachers should often reflect on their teaching by means of observing other teachers’teachings;In order to bring more effective teaching and learning to the class,Teachers should change their class from a teacher-centered one to a students-centered one.

关键词： influence macro context micro context teaching and