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Phase separation in plants:New insights into cellular compartmentalization

Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2021年第11期63卷 1835-1855页

作者： Xiumei Xu Canhui Zheng Dandan Lu Chun‐Peng Song Lixin Zhang State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement School of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifeng 475004China

A fundamental challenge for cells is how to coordinate various biochemical reactions in space and time. To achieve spatiotemporal control, cells have developed organelles that are surrounded by lipid bilayer membranes. Further, membraneless compartmentalization, a process induced by dynamic physical association of biomolecules through phase transition offers another efficient mechanism for intracellular organization. While our understanding of phase separation was predominantly dependent on yeast and animal models, recent findings have provided compelling evidence for emerging roles of phase separation in plants. In this review, we first provide an overview of the current knowledge of phase separation, including its definition, biophysical principles, molecular features and regulatory mechanisms. Then we summarize plant-specific phase separation phenomena and describe their functions in plant biological processes in great detail. Moreover, we propose that phase separation is an evolutionarily conserved and efficient mechanism for cellular compartmentalization which allows for distinct metabolic processes and signaling pathways, and is especially beneficial for the sessile lifestyle of plants to quickly and efficiently respond to the changing environment.

关键词： cellular compartmentalization changing environment condensates liquid droplets phase separation

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Protocol for analyzing protein liquid–liquid phase separation

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Biophysics Reports 2019年第1期5卷 1-9页

作者： Zheng Wang Gangming Zhang Hong Zhang National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules Institute of Biophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Life Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Numerous cellular functions occur in spatially and temporally confined regions. Recent studies have shown that membrane-less organelles and compartments in the cell are assembled via liquid–liquid phase separation(LLPS). In vitro LLPS assays using recombinant expressed and purified proteins are necessary for us to further understand how the assembly of phase-separated compartments is regulated in cells. However, uniform standards and protocols are lacking for these in vitro studies. Here, we describe a step-by-step protocol commonly used to investigate in vitro LLPS using purified *** protocol includes expression and purification of the studied proteins, induction of LLPS of the purified proteins, and studies of the biophysical properties of the liquid droplets formed by LLPS. These protocols can be easily followed by researchers to investigate the LLPS behaviors of proteins of interest.

关键词： Phase separation liquid droplets Protein purification Biophysical properties

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