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Yield photosynthesis and leaf anatomy of maize in inter-and mono-cropping systems at varying plant densities

The Crop Journal 2022年第3期10卷 893-903页

作者： Hongwei Yang Qiang Chai Wen Yin Falong Hu Anzhen Qin Zhilong Fan Aizhong Yu Cai Zhao Hong Fan State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science Lanzhou 730070GansuChina College of Agronomy Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou 730070GansuChina Institute of Farmland Irrigation Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and RegulationMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsXinxiang 453002HenanChina

Increasing plant density can increase cereal crop yields. However, the physiological and anatomical mechanisms of grain yield increase at high plant densities in maize-based intercropping systems are not well understood. A two-year field experiment was conducted in 2018 and 2019 to investigate grain yield, photosynthetic characteristics, stomatal traits, and leaf anatomy of maize plants in an intercropping system with high plant densities. Two cropping patterns(monocropping and intercropping) and three plant densities(D1, 78,000 plants ha^(-1);D2, 103,500 plants ha^(-1);D3, 129,000 plants ha;were arranged in a randomized block design. Increasing maize plant density significantly increased maize yield, and intercropping gave a significant yield advantage over monocropping under the same plant density. Intercropping combined with high plant density increased the leaf area and SPAD value of maize,increasing the photosynthesis rates after the harvest of pea. At the twelfth leaf stage, the stomatal density and stomatal area of intercrops combined with medium plant density increased by respectively 10.5%and 18.4% relative to their values for the corresponding density of monocrops. Although leaf thickness of maize was reduced by increasing plant density, the chloroplast number and grana lamella number were higher in intercropping than in monocropping under different plant densities. These positive changes in leaf anatomy resulted in increased photosynthesis, suggesting a physiological basis for the increase in grain yield.

关键词： Maize/pea intercropping Plant density leaf area Photosynthesis leaf anatomy

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Effects of different LEDs light spectrum on the growth,leaf anatomy,and chloroplast ultrastructure of potato plantlets in vitro and minituber production after transplanting in the greenhouse

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2020年第1期19卷 108-119页

作者： CHEN Li-li ZHANG Kai GONG Xiao-chen WANG Hao-ying GAO You-hui WANG Xi-quan ZENG Zhao-hai HU Yue-gao College of Agronomy and Biotechnology China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193P.R.China Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation Ministry of Agriculture/Farmland Irrigation Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesXinxiang 453003P.R.China

Light spectrum plays an important role in regulating the growth and development of in vitro cultured potato(Solanum tuberosum L.) plantlets. The status of potato plantlets at the end of in vitro stage influences the minituber production after transplanting. With 100 μmol m^-2s^-1 total photosynthetic photon flux density(PPFD), a light spectrum study of 100% red light emitting diodes(LEDs) light spectrum(RR), 100% blue LEDs light spectrum(BB), 65% red+35% blue LEDs light spectrum(RB), and 45% red+35% blue+20% green LEDs light spectrum(RBG) providing illumination at the in vitro cultured stage of potato plantlets for 4 weeks using fluorescent lamp as control(CK) was performed to investigate the effects of LEDs light spectrum on the growth, leaf anatomy, and chloroplast ultrastructure of potato plantlets in vitro as well as the minituber yield after 2 months transplanting in the greenhouse. Compared to CK, RB and RBG promoted the growth of potato plantlets in vitro with increased stem diameter, plantlet fresh weight, plantlet dry weight, and health index. Furthermore, BB induced the greatest stem diameter as well as the highest health index in potato plantlets in vitro. Root activity, soluble protein, and free amino acid were also significantly enhanced by BB, whereas carbohydrates were improved by RR. In addition, thickness of leaf, palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma was significantly increased by BB and RBG. Chloroplasts under BB and RBG showed well-developed grana thylakoid and stroma thylakoid. Unexpectedly, distinct upper epidermis with greatest thickness was induced and palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma were arranged neatly in RR. After transplanting in the greenhouse for 2 months, potato plantlets in vitro from BB, RB, and RBG produced high percentage of large size tuber. BB improved fresh and dry weights of the biggest tuber but decreased tuber number per plantlet. In addition, RBG increased tuber number as well as tuber fresh and dry weight slig

关键词： potato plantlets in vitro LEDs light spectrum leaf anatomy chloroplast ultrastructure minituber production

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Comparative analyses of leaf anatomy of dicotyledonous species in Tibetan and Inner Mongolian grasslands

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2012年第1期55卷 68-79页

作者： MA JianJing JI ChengJun HAN Mei ZHANG TingFang YAN XueDong HU Dong ZENG Hui HE JinSheng Department of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of EducationPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China College of Life Sciences Capital Normal UniversityBeijing 100037China Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Circular Economy Shenzhen Graduate SchoolPeking UniversityShenzhen 518055China Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota Northwest Institute of Plateau BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesXining 810008China

Knowledge of the leaf anatomy of grassland plants is crucial for understanding how these plants adapt to the environment. Tibetan alpine grasslands and Inner Mongolian temperate grasslands are two major grassland types in northern China. Tibetan alpine grasslands occur in high-altitude regions where the low temperatures limit plant growth. Inner Mongolian temperate grasslands are found in arid regions where moisture is the limiting factor. Few comparative studies concerning the leaf anatomy of grassland plants of the Tibetan Plateau and Inner Mongolian Plateau have been conducted. We examined leaf characteristics at 71 sites and among 65 species, across the alpine grasslands of the Tibetan Plateau and the temperate grasslands of the Inner Mongolian Plateau. We compared the leaf structures of plants with different life forms and taxonomies, and their adaptation to arid or cold environments. We explored relationships among leaf features and the effects of climatic factors (i.e., growing season temperature and precipitation) on leaf characteristics. Our results showed that (i) there were significant differences in leaf anatomy between Tibetan alpine and Inner Mongolian temperate grasslands. Except for mesophyll cell density, the values obtained for thickness of leaf tissue, surface area and volume of mesophyll cells were larger on the Tibetan Plateau than on the Inner Mongolian Plateau. (ii) Within the same family or genus, leaf anatomy showed significant differences between two regions, and trends were consistent with those of whole species. (iii) leaf anatomy of woody and herbaceous plants also showed significant differences between the regions. Except for mesophyll cell density, the values obtained for the thickness of leaf tissue, and the surface area and volume of mesophyll cells were larger in herbaceous than in woody plants. (iv) leaf anatomical traits changed accordingly. Total leaf thickness, thicknesses of lower and upper epidermal cells, and surface area and

关键词： Tibetan Plateau Inner Mongolian Plateau steppe meadow leaf anatomy dicotyledons

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leaf physiological and anatomical responses of two sympatric Paphiopedilum species to temperature

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Plant Diversity 2022年第1期44卷 101-108页

作者： Jing-Qiu Feng Ji-Hua Wang Shi-Bao Zhang Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant ResourcesKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming650201YunnanChina University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Kunming650205YunnanChina

Paphiopedilum dianthum and *** are two endangered orchid species,with high ornamental and conservation *** are sympatric species,but their leaf anatomical traits and flowering period have significant ***,it is unclear whether the differences in leaf structure of the two species will affect their adaptabilities to ***,we investigated the leaf photosynthetic,anatomical,and flowering traits of these two species at three sites with different temperatures(Kunming,16.7±0.2°C;Puer,17.7±0.2°C;Menglun,23.3±0.2°C)in southwest *** with those at Puer and Kunming,the values of light-saturated photosynthetic rate(Pmax).stomatai conductance(gs),leaf thickness(LT),and stomatai density(SD)in both species were lower at *** values of Pmax,gs,仃,adaxial cuticle thickness(CTad)and SD in *** were higher than those of *** at the three *** with ***,there were no flowering plants of *** at *** results indicated that both species were less resistance to high temperature,and *** had a stronger adaptability to high-temperature than *** findings can provide valuable information for the conservation and cultivation of Paphiopedilum species.

关键词： Conservation Cultivation High-temperature leaf anatomy Paphiopedilum Photosynthesis

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The anatomical structure of woody plants in arid habitats is closely related to nonstructural carbohydrates storage

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Forest Ecosystems 2022年第6期9卷 764-774页

作者： Zedong Li Xinxiao Yu Guodong Jia Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Soil and Water Conservation Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing100083China

Background:The high temperatures and drought conditions associated with global climate change have led to the widespread death of trees and forests,which has generated research interest in the impact of non-structural carbohydrates(NSC)reserves on woody plant survival in changing *** anatomical characteristics of plants can affect the scale and variability of NSC reserves,and linking the anatomical characteristics of trees to NSC concentration can help answer questions about the potential role of NSC in the repair of xylem embolism during ***:The anatomical characteristics,NSC concentrations and gas exchange parameters were determined in 16 common afforestation tree species in typical arid limestone habitats in rocky mountain *** found that the anatomical structures varied greatly among the tree species studied,and a branch xylem hydraulic efficiency-safety tradeoff was not *** concentration was significantly and positively correlated with variables including mean vessel diameter(MVD),maximum vessel diameter(XVD),potential hydraulic conductivity(Kp),vessel wall thickness(VWT),ratio of palisade tissue thickness to sponge tissue thickness(PT/ST),net photosynthetic rate(Pn),water use efficiency(WUE)and axial parenchyma cell area,and negatively with sponge tissue thickness(ST)and lower epidermis thickness(LET)of *** the four latent variables,mechanical strength was inversely related to NSC concentration,whilst hydraulic efficiency,leaf carbon fixation,and the embolism repair and storage capacity all had a positive ***:Our study revealed that tree species with larger vessel diameters,thicker vessel walls,more abundant axial parenchyma,and higher PT/ST have higher NSC storage in arid habitats in northern *** xylem anatomical characteristics and leaf anatomical characteristics among different tree species lead to differentiated water transport and photosynthetic processes,thereby regulating the NSC

关键词： Drought Embolism leaf anatomy NSC concentration Xylem

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Marigold(Tagetes erecta): The Potential Value in the Phytoremediation of Chromium

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Pedosphere 2017年第3期27卷 559-568页

作者： Lívia C.COELHO Ana Rosa R.BASTOS Paulo J.PINHO Guilherme A.SOUZA Janice G.CARVALHO Viviane A.T.COELHO Luiz Carlos A.OLIVEIRA Rimena R.DOMINGUES Valdemar FAQUIN Soil Science Department Federal University of Lavras Chemistry Department Federal University of Minas Gerais

Environmental pollution with chromium （Cr） is harmful to humans, animals and plants, while in plants it causes diminished growth, anatomical alterations and death. In the present study, the potential value of marigold （Tagetes erecta） in the phytoremediation of Cr has been investigated. The randomized experimental design involved the exposure of plants to nutrient solutions containing 0.00, 0.04, 0.08, 0.12, 0.16 or 0.24 mmol L-1 Cr（III）. Chromium toxicity was observed at Cr（III） concentrations ≥ 0.12 mmol L-1 as demonstrated by diminished growth of the aerial parts and reduced density of the root system. Increasing Cr（III） concentrations in the nutrient solution resulted in a higher bioaccumulation of total Cr in the tissues, although translocation from roots to aerial parts was not efficient （maximum value of 25% at 0.12 mmol L-1 Cr（III））. The Cr bioaccumulation was up to 11-fold greater in roots than in the aerial parts. Tagetes erecta exhibited leaf plasticity when exposed to Cr, indicating the existence of a tolerance mechanism to Cr in this species. Chromium caused a reduction in xilem vases, resulting in a plastic effect in T. erecta leaves that increased the metal tolerance in culture solution. Tagetes spp. are potential Cr hyperaccumulators; at Cr（III） concentrations up to 0.12 mmol L-1, the plants accumulated levels above that proposed for hyperaccumulators and still maintained a considerable growth and even flourished. However, this study was conducted in nutrient solution, and studies on species confirmation as Cr hyperaccumulator should be conducted in soils for further clarification.

关键词： anatomical alterations heavy metal hyperaccumulor leaf anatomy toxicity

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Mesophyll thickness and sclerophylly among Calotropis procera morphotypes reveal water-saved adaptation to environments

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Journal of Arid Land 2019年第6期11卷 795-810页

作者： Marcelo F POMPELLI Keila R MENDES Marcio V RAMOS Jose N B SANTOS Diaa T A YOUSSEF Jaqueline D PEREIRA Laurício ENDRES Alfredo JARMA-OROZCO Rodolfo SOLANO-GOMES Betty JARMA-ARROYO Andre L J SILVA Marcos A SANTOS Werner C ANTUNES Plant Physiology Laboratory Department of BotanyFederal University of PernambucoRecife 50670901Brazil Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Federal University of CearáFortaleza 60020603Brazil Department of Natural Products Faculty of PharmacyKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah 21589Saudi Arabia Institute of Botany Federal University of ViçosaRio Paranaíba CampusRio Paranaiba 36570900Brazil Plant Ecophysiology Laboratory Federal University of AlagoasMaceio 57072900Brazil Faculty of Agricultural Science University of CórdobaMontería 230002Colombia Instituto Politécnico Nacional Research Interdisciplinary Center for Integrated Rural DevelopmentSanta Cruz XoxocotlanOaxaca 7738Mexico Department of Biology University of MaringáMaringá87020900Brazil

Calotropis procera(Aiton)Dryand(Apocynaceae)is a native species in tropical and subtropical Africa and ***,due to its fast growing and drought-tolerant,it has become an invasive species when it was introduced into Central and South America,as well as the Caribbean ***,*** displays a wide distribution in the *** is important,in particular,because many invasive species exert a high reproductive pressure on the invaded communities or are highly productive in their new distributed *** has been suggested that a very deep root system and a high capacity to reduce stomatal conductance during water shortage could allow this species to maintain the water status required for a normal ***,the true mechanism behind the successful distribution of *** across wet and dry environments is still *** leaves were collected from 12 natural populations in Brazil,Colombia and Mexico,ranging from wet to dry environments during 2014–*** traits of morphology and anatomy from these distinct morphotypes were *** found that *** leaves had a considerable capacity to adjust their morphological,anatomical and physiological traits to different *** magnitude of acclimation responses,i.e.,plasticity,had been hypothesized to reflect the specialized adaptation of plant species to a particular ***,allometric models for leaf area(LA)estimation cannot be grouped as a single *** are narrower and thicker with low amounts of air spaces inside the leaf parenchyma in wet environments,while they are broader and thinner with a small number of palisade cell layers in dry *** on these,we argue that broader and thinner leaves of *** dissipate incident energy at the expense of a higher rate of transpiration to survive in environments in which water is the most limiting factor and to compete in favorable wet environments.

关键词： invasive plant energy budget leaf anatomy morphological trait specific leaf area

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Anatomical variations of living and fossil Liquidambar leaves:A proxy for paleoenvironmental reconstruction

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Science China Earth Sciences 2011年第4期54卷 493-508页

作者： XIAO Liang SUN BaiNian LI XiangChuan REN WenXiu JIA Hui Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems of the Ministry of Education and College of Earth and Environment Science Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210008 China College of Arts and Sciences Bryant University Smithfield RI 02917 U.S.A. Key Laboratory of Western China's Mineral Resources and Geological Engineering of Ministry of Education Chang'an University Xi'an 710054 China

Based on living ***,we have established that such epidermal cell properties as epidermal cell circumference(Circum.) ,undulation index(UI) ,epidermal cell area(EA) on both upper and lower epidermis and the corresponding epidermal cell density(ED) ,are suitable to differentiate between sun and shade ***,stomatal properties on the lower epidermis,including stomatal length(SL) ,stomatal pore length(PL) and the corresponding stomatal density(SD) ,are reliable parameters to identify sun/shade *** this anatomical approach was applied to 18 leaf remains of *** from the Miocene Xiannanshan Formation,Zhejiang Province(eastern China) ,and the fossil leaves were sorted into two groups,namely,sun and shade *** indicates that anatomical differences between sun and shade leaves found in living species could be used for fossil ***,the variation of UI between sun and shade morphotypes is larger on the upper epidermis as compared with the lower epidermis,showing that the UI on the upper epidermis is more sensitive to environmental *** addition,anatomical features are more variable in sun leaves than in shade leaves for both modern and fossil Liquidambar,suggesting sun leaves may be more sensitive to environmental *** leaves can then be a better indicator of paleoenvironmental ***,stomatal parameters of sun morphotype should be adopted on reconstructing paleoenvironments using Liquidambar leaf *** the other hand,the three-lobed fossil *** leaf assemblage in the Xiananshan Formation is represented by an almost similar percentage of sun and shade morphotypes(56%and 44%,respectively) ,which is attributed to the short transport before *** a result,identifying sun/shade morphotypes are very useful in reconstructing paleoenvironments based on fossil leaves of Liquidambar.

关键词： Liquidambarformosana Liquidambar miosinica leaf anatomy the Miocene Xiananshan Formation sun and shade leaves

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Shade and sapling size influence restoration of Araucaria angustifolia

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Journal of Forestry Research 2021年第5期32卷 1833-1841页

作者： Simone Aparecida Zolet Sasso JoséAbramo Marchese Amanda Pacheco Cardoso Moura Bruna Valéria Gil Anelise Tessari Perboni Joel Donazzolo Fabrícia Lorrane Rodrigues Oliveira Bruno Francisco Sant’Anna-Santos Angela Rohr Moeses Andrigo Danner Agronomy Department Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná(UTFPR)Campus Pato BrancoVia do Conhecimentokm 01Pato BrancoParaná85503-390Brazil UTFPR Campus Dois VizinhosEstrada para Boa Esperançakm 04Dois VizinhosParaná85660-000Brazil Biological Sciences Department Universidade Federal do Paraná(UFPR)Avenida Coronel Francisco H.dos Santos100CuritibaParaná81531-980Brazil

Toward improving reforestation of Brazilian pine(Araucaria angustifolia),two contrasting sapling sizes in either full sun or in the shade of a mixed plantation and the effect of opening the canopy were evaluated for survival,growth,gas exchange,photosynthetic pigments,and leaf anatomy 18 months after being *** 23 months after planting,a partial opening was made in the canopy in the mixed plantation,then the saplings were evaluated again after 2 months for the same morphophysiological *** 18 months,saplings planted in the full sun had higher survival,growth,pigments,and photosynthesis compared to the shaded *** saplings had higher survival and growth compared to the small *** leaves were thinner and little differentiation of palisade parenchyma and *** opening of the canopy,photo synthetically active radiation was 10 times higher,and the saplings quickly grew in height due to increased ***,although the species can tolerate shade,growth in the shade is *** recommend that for reforestation purposes of Brazilian pine,large saplings should be selected and planted in the open for better development.

关键词： Brazilian pine Luminosity Gas exchanges Photosynthetic pigments leaf anatomy

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Anatomical and Molecular Identification of Ornamental Plant Ficus ***

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2023年第5期92卷 1329-1347页

作者： Abtisam Binnoubah Rim Hamdy Osama G.Ragab Ahmed M.El-Taher Ahmed Abou El-Yazied Fatmah A.Safhi Hala A.Elzilal Ashwaq T.Althobaiti Salha M.ALshamrani Diaa Abd El Moneim Ahmed El-Banhawy Department of Botany Faculty of ScienceUniversity of SabrathaSabratha999116Libya Department of Botany Faculty of ScienceCairo UniversityGiza12111Egypt Department of Botany and Microbiology Faculty of Science(Boys Branch)Al-Azhar UniversityCairo11884Egypt Department of Agricultural Botany Faculty of AgricultureAl-Azhar UniversityCairo11884Egypt Department of Horticulture Faculty of AgricultureAin Shams UniversityCairo11566Egypt Department of Biology College of SciencePrincess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversityRiyadh11671Saudi Arabia Department of Science and Technology College of RanyahTaif UniversityTaif21944Saudi Arabia Department of Biology College of ScienceTaif UniversityTaif21944Saudi Arabia Department of Biology College of ScienceUniversity of JeddahJeddah21959Saudi Arabia Department of Plant Production(Genetic Branch) Faculty of Environmental Agricultural SciencesArish UniversityEl-Arish45511Egypt Department of Botany and Microbiology Faculty of ScienceSuez Canal UniversityIsmailia41522Egypt

This present study includes twelve species that represent the Ficus genus,namely;aspera,carica,tinctoria ***,hirta,hispida,neriifolia,palmata,pumila,racemosa,septica,sur,and sycomorus,belonging to the Moraceae *** species samples were collected from various locations in *** study focused on the anatomical and molecular characteristics of mature foliage *** the identification and classification of taxa are highly dependent on the anatomical features of leaves,the anatomical characteristics were recorded in the form of a comparison between the examined plants in the data *** study aims to contribute to the identification of the studied species based on the anatomical details of the matured *** characterization includes the variations in upper and lower epidermal layers that are covered by a thin or thick cuticle;the number of palisade and spongy layers;crystals;secretory elements;lithocysts;the midrib zone has parenchyma associated with mechanical tissue,vascular system,and investigation of trichomes;on the other hand,in the current study,the phylogenetic analysis was conducted by using the ITS and 5.8 S *** the analysis of all the available data,it could be stated that there is an overall agreement with the anatomical character dendrogram.

关键词： ITS trichomes leaf anatomy Ficus moraceae

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