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Spatial Distribution Assessment and Source Apportionment of land-based Pollutant Yield from Qingdao, China

Journal of Ocean University of China 2019年第1期18卷 151-158页

作者： SU Ying LIANG Shengkang ZHANG Peng WANG Xiulin Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology Ministry of Education Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department Ocean University of China Environmental Science and Engineering Department Ocean University of China

The spatial distribution of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and total nitrogen(TN) yield from Qingdao are studied by comparing pollutant yield amount, densities and spatial aggregation(Getis-Ord indexes) among the land-based pollutant source regions(PSRs) entering the three sub-seas(i.e. the Jiaozhou Bay(JZB), other coastal area in the Yellow Sea(OCAYS) and Laizhou Bay(LZB), respectively). Industrial composition of the loads are also studied by comparing pollutant yield among the sources of agriculture, rural domesticity, industry, urban domesticity and service, and calculation of Gini coefficient. Results show that spatial distribution of COD and TN yield from Qingdao are extremely unbalanced. The JZB, with less than 3% of the total coastal sea area of Qingdao, received 62% COD load and 65% TN yield from Qingdao, while the OCAYS, with more than 97% area, only received 23% COD and 20% TN, which consist with the much worsen water quality of JZB than that of OCAYS. On the other hand, the source apportionment of COD and TN loads in the PSRs entering JZB and the OCAYS was similar. The agricultural and domestic sources with high pollution intensity account for more than 80%, while the industrial and service sources with low pollution intensity account for less than 20%. While Gini coefficients, COD 0.81 and TN 0.84 which are much higher than the ‘imbalance' threshold of 0.4, show the uneven industrial structure of Qingdao. These results may be useful in the determination of land-based pollution total amount control at the PSR level.

关键词： Qingdao land-based pollutant pollutant yield pollution intensity industrial structure

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Unsustainable land-based Source Pollution in a Climate of Change: A Roadblock to the Conservation and Recovery of Elkhorn Coral <i>Acropora palmata</i>(Lamarck 1816)

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Natural Resources 2014年第10期5卷 561-581页

作者： Geraldine Díaz-Ortega Edwin A. Hernández-Delgado Center for Applied Tropical Ecology and Conservation Coral Reef Research Group University of Puerto Rico San Juan Puerto Rico Department of Biology University of Puerto Rico San Juan Puerto Rico Sociedad Ambiente Marino San Juan Puerto Rico Center for Applied Tropical Ecology and Conservation Coral Reef Research Group University of Puerto Rico San Juan Puerto Rico Department of Environmental Sciences University of Puerto Rico San Juan Puerto Rico Current Address: Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental Universidad de San Martín Buenos Aires Argentina

Chronic eutrophication and turbidity are critical detrimental factors impacting coral reef ecosystems, adversely affecting their ecological functions, services, benefits, and resilience across multiple spatial scales and over prolonged periods of time. Inadequate land use practices and lack of appropriate sewage treatment can adversely contribute to increase land-based source pollution (LBSP) impacts in coastal waters and to magnify impacts by sea surface warming trends associated to climate change. Fringing coral reefs off Vega Baja, Puerto Rico, support extensive remnant patches of Elkhorn coral Acropora palmata (Lamarck 1816), which was listed in 2006 as a threatened species under the US Endangered Species Act. Chronic impacts by LBSP have significantly affected local downstream fringing reefs. We characterized the spatial extent of a water quality stress gradient across 12 reefs along the Vega Baja coast through monthly measurements of multiple physico-chemical parameters. Most parameters, particularly PO4, , chlorophyll-a, and the concentration of optical brighteners (OABs), showed a statistically significant increase (PERMANOVA, p < 0.05) in waters close to the main pollution sources, but also in waters adjacent to Cibuco River effluents. Dissolved oxygen also declined and turbidity increased on polluted sites. PO4, , and chlorophyll-a, exceeded recommended concentrations for coral reef ecosystems by factors of 7 - 50 times, 600 - 1240 times, and 17 - 83 times, respectively, depending on the source of the effluents and the distance from sewage pollution sources. Also, water turbidity exceeded 4 - 10 times the recommended value for pristine coral reefs. Coral reefs showed significant decline in close proximity to the polluted zone, showing a significantly different benthic community structure (PERMANOVA, p < 0.0001) dominated by non-reef building taxa (i.e., macroalgae, algal turf) and bare substrate. Percent coral cover and abundance of A. palmata, showed a si

关键词： Acropora palmata Coral Reef Decline Eutrophication land-based Source Pollution

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Cybersecurity for Allied Future Submarines

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World Journal of Engineering and Technology 2018年第4期6卷 696-712页

作者： Keith F. Joiner Simon Reay Atkinson Pete Christensen Elena Sitnikova Systems Capability Centre University of New South Wales Canberra at Australian Defence Force Academy Canberra Australia Centre for International Security Studies and Sydney Cyber Security Network University of Sydney Sydney Australia The MITRE Corporation McLean VA US Australian Centre for Cyber Security Canberra University of New South Wales Canberra at Australian Defence Force Academy Canberra Australia

Cyber has become a supposedly cheap first-strike weapon of political choice by potential adversaries in a milieu placing insurgency, terrorism, international crime and state-based influences in close un-regulated proximity. The merging of electronic and cyber warfare means that not even submarines, however unconnected or firewalled they may be, are immune. The quantum attack surface of submarines is as much in their past, as they are in their designs today and their operations tomorrow: they must survive to be credible and ideally they should even be a contemporary offensive cyber deterrent. Such critical defensive systems require robust security systems engineering and cybersecurity test and evaluation to build and sustain their cyber-resilience. This paper uses Australia’s future submarine program [1]1 to outline key facets needed in a submarine program to achieve cyber resilience, including how to adapt U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) best practices to engineer, test and sustain cyber-resilient submarine systems. Strategies are needed that provision sovereign-owned and operated land-based test sites to design, build, demonstrate and sustain critical submarine systems. This work is most relevant to countries allied to the U.S. and importing submarine capabilities, such as within lesser European powers and also in the Indo-Pacific where both cyber warfare and submarines are proliferating.

关键词： Cyber-Resilience Future Submarine Design land-based Test Sites Quantum Attack Surface Test and Evaluation

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拒绝服务攻击的原理及防范技术

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中国金融电脑 2004年第5期 61-64页

作者：赵皖平中国保险监督管理委员会安徽监管局

互联网在给人们带来无限生机的同时,它多年累积下的大量系统漏洞,也使网络世界面临着巨大的安全威胁.拒绝服务(Denial of Service)攻击就是一种典型的遍布全球的系统威胁.与企图获得网络及信息访问权等手段不同,最典型的DoS攻击是以消... 详细信息

互联网在给人们带来无限生机的同时,它多年累积下的大量系统漏洞,也使网络世界面临着巨大的安全威胁.拒绝服务(Denial of Service)攻击就是一种典型的遍布全球的系统威胁.与企图获得网络及信息访问权等手段不同,最典型的DoS攻击是以消耗服务器端资源为目标,通过伪造超过服务器处理能力的请求数据造成服务器响应阻塞,阻碍网络主机提供正常服务,从而使合法用户无法得到服务响应.

关键词：拒绝服务攻击互联网防范技术 DoS攻击服务器端资源 land-based Ping of Death Smurf Trinoo 分布式反射拒绝服务 TCP/IP协议

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