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lacustrine shale Deposition and Variable Tectonic Accommodation in the Rift Basins of the Bohai Bay Basin in Eastern China

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Journal of Earth Science 2015年第5期26卷 700-711页

作者： Chuanyan Huang Jinchuan Zhang Hua Wang Shu Jiang Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources of the Ministry of Education China University of Geosciences Key Laboratory of Marine Reservoir Evolution and Hydrocarbon Accumulation Mechanisms Ministry of EducationChina University of Geosciences Energy & Geoscience Institute University of Utah

Organic-rich lacustrine shales are widely distributed in China and have significant potential for unconventional shale gas and oil production although the primary factors controlling the deposition of lacustrine shale are disputed. This work clarifies the different characteristics of tectonic evolution and shale among sub-basins in the Bohai Bay Basin in eastern China as a case study by studying basal subsidence, tectonic subsidence rate, basin extensional proportions and shale chemical characteristics. The paper summarizes the correlation between structure and shale deposition, and concludes that tectonic activity is the primary controlling factor for shale development. Episodic tectonic activity controls not only the timing of shale deposition（with the greatest shale deposition occurring primarily during the peak period of basin tectonic activity） but also the spatial distribution of shale（located mainly in areas of maximum subsidence）, the migration pattern of shale（conforming to that of the basin subsidence center）, and shale strata thickness. Tectonic activity also affects the total organic carbon content and organic matter type in shale. When the tectonic activity was the most active and basal subsidence was the maximum, the total organic carbon content of the shale reached its highest value with organic matter type mainly Type I. As tectonic activity weakened, the total organic carbon content decreased, and the organic matter type changed from Type I to Type I-III.

关键词： rift lacustrine basin lacustrine shale tectonic Paleogene Bohai Bay Basin eastern China

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Maceral evolution of lacustrine shale and its effects on the development of organic pores during low mature to high mature stage:A case study from the Qingshankou Formation in northern Songliao Basin,northeast China

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Petroleum Science 2023年第5期20卷 2709-2725页

作者： Liu Wang Bo Liu Long-Hui Bai Mehdi Ostadhassan Thomas Gentzis Bo-Yang Wang Yi-Zhang Wang Key Laboratory of Continental shale Hydrocarbon Accumulation and Efficient Development Ministry of EducationNortheast Petroleum UniversityDaqingHeilongjiang163318China Accumulation and Development of Unconventional Oil and Gas State Key Laboratory Cultivation BaseNortheast Petroleum UniversityDaqingHeilongjiang163318China Core Laboratories Reservoir Geology Group6316 Windfern RoadHoustonTX77040USA Exploration and Development Research Institute of Daqing Oilfield Co Ltd DaqingHeilongjiang163712China

Organic matter(OM)hosted pores are crucial for the storage and migration of petroleum in shale *** maturity and macerals type are important factors controlling the development of pores *** this study,six lacustrine shale samples with different thermal maturities from the first member of the Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao Basin,of which vitrinite reflectance(R_(o))ranging from 0.58% to 1.43%,were selected for a comparative *** electron microscopy(SEM)and reflected light microscopy were combined to investigate the development of organic pores in different macerals during thermal *** results show that alginite and liptodetrinite are the dominant primary macerals,followed by *** a few primary organic pores developed in the alginite at the lowest maturity(R_(o)=0.58%).As a result of petroleum generation,oil-prone macerals began to transform to initial-oil solid bitumen at the early oil window(R_(o)=0.73%)and shrinkage cracks were ***-oil solid bitumen cracked to oil,gas and post-oil bitumen by primary cracking(R_(o)=0.98%).Moreover,solid bitumen(SB)was found to be the dominant OM when R_(o)>0.98%,which indicates that SB is the product of oil-prone macerals *** secondary bubble pores were observed on SB,which formed by gas release,while devolatilization cracks developed on migrated ***,at the late oil window(Ro?1.16%),migrated SB filled the interparticle pore *** further increase in temperature,the liquid oil underwent secondary cracking into pyrobitumen and gas,and spongy pores developed on the pyrobitumen at higher levels of maturity(Ro=1.43%),which formed when pyrobitumen cracked into *** and inertinite are stable without any visible pores over the range of maturities,verifying their low petroleum generation *** addition,it was concluded that clay minerals could have a catalytic effect on the petroleum generation,which may explain why or

关键词： lacustrine shale Maceral evolution Organic pores Scanning electron microscopy Reflected light microscopy

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Sedimentary environment and model for lacustrine organic matter enrichment:lacustrine shale of the Early Jurassic Da’anzhai Formation,central Sichuan Basin,China

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2021年第4期10卷 584-601页

作者： Zheng-Lu Xiao Shi-Jia Chen Shao-Ming Zhang Rui Zhang Zhi-Yong Zhu Jun-Gang Lu Yong Li Xiang-Dong Yin Long-Xiang Tang Zhang-Hao Liu Zong-Hui Lin State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Chengdu 610500China School of Geoscience and Technology Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu 610500China PetroChina Southwest Oil&Gas Field Company Chengdu 610051China Xi'an Branch of PetroChina Materials Co. Ltd Xi'an 710000China State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of PetroleumBeijing 102249China

Based on the analysis of element geochemistry and total organic carbon(TOC),this study investigates the main factors controlling organic matter(OM)enrichment,reconstructs the evolution process of the sedimentary environment,and proposes a dynamic OM enrichment model of the Jurassic Da’anzhai(D)Formation,Sichuan *** results indicate that the Sichuan Basin was generally dominated by a warm and oxidizing sedimentary environment,but with some peculiarities,such as a hotter climate in the D1 member and more anoxic lake water in the D2a *** sedimentary evolution of the Da’anzhai Formation can be divided into a fluctuating sedimentary stage,a stable sedimentary stage and a reef-building *** D2a member showed the strongest hypoxia,the weakest weathering,the largest amount of terrestrial inputs,and the highest TOC *** TOC is positively correlated with reducing conditions and terrestrial inputs,negatively correlated with *** on these findings,it is suggested that the global climate in the Early Jurassic period had a complex regional effect and the global oceanic anoxic events of the Toarcian did not spread to the Sichuan ***,the anoxic deep water,high terrestrial inputs,and weak weathering were conducive to rapid deposition and preservation of lacustrine OM.

关键词： lacustrine shale Early Jurassic Toarcian Organic matter enrichment model Da’anzhai Formation Sichuan Basin

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Organic-rich formation and hydrocarbon enrichment of lacustrine shale strata:A case study of Chang 7 Member

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Science China Earth Sciences 2022年第1期65卷 118-138页

作者： Quanyou LIU Peng LI Zhijun JIN Yuewu SUN Guang HU Dongya ZHU Zhenkai HUANG Xinping LIANG Rui ZHANG Jiayi LIU State Key Laboratory of shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development SINOPECBeijing 102206China Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute S1NOPECBeijing 102206China Institute of Energy Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China Research Center of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy Jilin UniversityChangchun 130026China School of Geoscience and Technology Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu 610500China

lacustrine shale is an important target for the exploration of unconventional oil and gas in China beyond marine shale ***,the formation environment of lacustrine shale differs from that of marine shale,resulting in a different reservoir composition,organic matter,oil and gas content,and hydrocarbon *** this study,the Chang 7 shale of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin was used to analyze the effect of volcanic activity on the paleoproductivity and preservation conditions during the formation of lacustrine *** results show that algae and bacteria were developed before the *** the eruption,the number of bacteria declined,but the increased prosperity of algae reflects that the volcanic activity enhanced ancient *** sulfate generated by volcanic activity promotes bacterial sulfate reduction,and the produced H_(2)S leads to a strong reducing environment in the waterbody,which is conducive to the preservation of organic *** geochemical analysis shows that the black shale in the shale strata has a high total organic carbon(TOC)content and strong hydrocarbon generation potential,whereas the tuff has a low TOC content and can scarcely generate hydrocarbons,indicating that the tuff deposited by volcanic activity cannot be considered as effective source *** terms of storage space,shale is mainly laminar and dispersed,and it includes organic and inorganic *** development of organic pores is affected by thermal maturity,whereas inorganic pores mainly occur between detrital particles and *** is mainly supported by heterogeneous matrix and associated with *** pores include inter-and intragranular mineral *** development of tight sandstone pores is affected by compaction,cementation,and dissolution,which mainly consist of intra-and intergranular *** Chang 7 lacustrine shale generally contains oil,but different lithologies have different oil drainage *** and

关键词： lacustrine shale Organic-rich Volcanic activity Pore structure Oiliness

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Experimental study of water imbibition characteristics of the lacustrine shale in Sichuan Basin

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Petroleum 2023年第4期9卷 572-578页

作者： Changgui Jia Bo Xiao Lijun You Yang Zhou Yili Kang Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Engineering Beijing102206China State Key Laboratory of shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development Beijing102206China Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu610500China

Through the stimulation method of large-scale hydraulic fracturing,the spontaneous imbibition capacity of the water phase in the shale reservoir has great influence on the effect of ***,the lacustrine shale has the characteristics of high clay minerals content,strong expansibility,development of nanopores and micro-pores,and underdevelopment of fractures,which leads to the unclear behavior of spontaneous imbibition of aqueous *** lacustrine shale of Da'anzhai Member and marine shale of Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin were selected to prepare both the shale matrix sample and fractured shale sample,and the spontaneous imbibition experiment of simulated formation water was carried *** means of an XRD test,SEM observation,nuclear magnetic resonance test and linear expansion rate test,the mineral composition,the structure of pores and fractures,the capacity of hydration and expansion of both lacustrine and marine shale are compared and *** results show that the average spontaneous imbibition rate of lacustrine shale is 60.8%higher than that of marine shale within the initial 12 hours of *** lacustrine shale has faster imbibition rate than the marine shale in the initial stage of spontaneous ***,the lacustrine shale has underdeveloped pores and fractures,as well as poor connectivity of ***,the strong hydration and expansion of clay minerals can easily lead to dispersion and migration of clay minerals on the fracture surface,which will plug up the seepage channels,resulting in poor capacity of spontaneous *** spontaneous imbibition rate in the middle and late stage of lacustrine shale is obviously lower than that of the marine *** overall spontaneous imbibition rate ability of the lacustrine shale is less than that of the marine *** to the characteristics of water imbibition of lacustrine shale,considering the dual effects of hydration expansion of clay minerals on the

关键词： lacustrine shale Marine shale Water imbibition Clay minerals Hydration expansion

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Reservoir Characteristics of lacustrine shale and Marine shale:Examples from the Songliao Basin,Bohai Bay Basin and Qiannan Depression

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2016年第3期90卷 1024-1038页

作者： WANG Min LU Shuangfang WANG Zhiwei LIU Yang HUANG Wenbiao CHEN Fangwen XU Xingyou LI Zheng LI Jijun Research Institute of Unconventional Petroleum and Renewable Energy China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao 266580ShandongChina Geology Scientific Research Institute of Shengli Oilfield Co.Ltd. Dongying 257015ShandongChina

lacustrine shale from the Qingshankou Formatin of Songliao basin and the Shahejie Formation of Bohai Bay basin, and marine shale from the lower Cambrian Jinmenchong Formation of Qiannan depression were analysed by using rock pyrolysis, TOC （total organic carbon）, XRD （X-ray diffraction）, SEM （scanning electron microscope）, FE-SEM （field emission scanning electron microscope）, high pressure mercury intrusion, and low pressure N2 and CO2 gas adsorption experiments, in aim to reveal their reservoir features. The results show that：（1） the width of micro-pores of all the studied samples mainly ranges from 0.45 to 0.7 nm indicated by CO2 isotherms, and the width of meso-pores is less than 10 nm, with type IV adsorption isotherms and type H2 hysteresis loop, indicative of ＂ink-bottle＂-shaped pores. Good correlations exist among pore volume, surface area and averaged pore diameter, and a good positive correlation exists between micro-pore volume and TOC content; however, there is no obvious correlation between meso-pore volume and TOC content; （2） interparticle pores, pores among the edge of mineral grains and organic matter pores were all identified in marine and lacustrine shale, among which the interparticle pores may be influence by dissolution effect. Not all bitumen develops organic matter pore, and only high to over mature bitumen present pores. Now the description methods of micrometer scale pores developed in shale are very lack. Micro- fractures developed in Jiyang depression and dissolution interparticle pores developed in Songliao Basin should be the accumulation sites for shale oil in lacustrine shale, and can be as sweet spots.

关键词： reservoir characteristic lacustrine shale marine shale Songliao Basin Bohai Bay Basin Qiannan Depression

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Quantitative Gas-in-place Comparison of Original and Bitumen-free lacustrine shale

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2022年第2期96卷 559-570页

作者： LI Jing ZHOU Shixin FU Deliang CHEN Kefei ZHANG Chen SUN Zexiang LI Pengpeng Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources Chinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Gansu ProvinceLanzhou 730000China Key Laboratory of Coal Exploration and Comprehensive Utilization Ministry of Nature and ResourcesShaanxi Coal Geology Group CoLtd.Xi’an 710021China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101China

Residual bitumen in organic-rich shale of oil windows exists widely, and its effect on the gas storage capacity of shale could be two-fold. Bitumen could occupy and block the nanopores of shale, thereby reducing the gas storage capacity. On the other hand, gas could be dissolved in bitumen in shale gas reservoirs, leading to enhanced gas storage capacity. To quantify the effect of bitumen on the gas-in-place(GIP) estimation of lacustrine organic-rich shale, the micropore characteristics and methane sorption capacity of original and bitumen-free shale from the Triassic Yangchang Formation of the Ordos Basin, combined with the methane dissolution capacity for the isolated bitumen, were analyzed and compared. GIP for the original and bitumen-free shale in the depth range of 500–2500 m was evaluated. The results show that micropores in the shale samples were mainly related to organic matter. Clay mineral-hosted pores contributed slightly to microporosity. Bitumen significantly reduced the micropore surface area and volume of the original shale, with average percentages of 28.09% and 51.26%, respectively. The methane sorption capacity decreased after bitumen removal. When normalized to the original shale mass, the sum of the methane sorption capacity for bitumen-free shale and the methane dissolution capacity for isolated bitumen was similar to the methane sorption capacity of the original shale, indicating that the lack of methane absorbed on bitumen is the main reason for the decrease in methane sorption capacity after bitumen removal. The contribution of absorbed methane on bitumen to sorbed methane in shale could be higher than 36.23%. Dual effects of bitumen on shale GIP were observed. A high content of bitumen(1.12%) increased the GIP of the shale samples, with an average percentage of 23.5% in the depth range of 500–2500 m, while a low content of bitumen(0.06%) decreased the GIP, with an average percentage of 13.6%.

关键词： lacustrine shale gas-in-place bitumen methane sorption methane dissolution

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Micropore structure characteristics and quantitative characterization methods of lacustrine shale-A case study from the member 2 of Kongdian Formation, Cangdong sag, Bohai Bay Basin

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Petroleum Research 2020年第2期5卷 93-102页

作者： Lihong Zhou Changwei Chen Fei Yang Wenzhong Han Quansheng Guan China National Petroleum Corporation Ltd. Dagang Oilfield BranchTianjin300280China

To better understand the micropore characteristics of lacustrine shale and develop quantitative methodsfor characterizing lacustrine shale, the reservoir space types, structures and spatial distribution patternsof effective pores in the shale of Member 2 of Kongdian Formation in Cangdong sag are studied usingcores, thin sections, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM),nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), whole-rock X-ray diffraction (XRD) data, etc. Various shale porositycalculation methods are evaluated. The study results show that the reservoir spaces of the shale mainlyinclude three types, i.e., matrix pores, organic pores and fractures. Flaky pore throats formed bydissolution-induced pores and mould pores can improve the pore connectivity. NMR effective porosity ofthe shale varies from 0.59% to 4.42% with an average of 2.38%, accounting for 49.54% of the total NMRporosity and 34.53% of the gas porosity. The shale is divided into the unimodal-type felsic shale, bimodaltype felsic shale, carbonate shale and mixed shale. The different lithologies exhibit linear correlationsamong NMR, gas and effective porosities. The shale has effective porosity of 0.56%-4.53% with an averageof 2.12%. Furthermore, the shale reservoir is divided into four classes: Class I reservoir with effectiveporosities of more than 2.5%;Class II1 reservoir with effective porosity of 2.0%-2.5%;Class II2 reservoirwith effective porosity of 1.5%-2%;and Class III reservoir with effective porosity of less than 1.5%.

关键词： lacustrine shale Rservoir space type Pore structure Effective porosity Sweet spot evaluation Member 2 of Kongdian Formation Cangdong sag Bohai Bay Basin

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Formation conditions and enrichment model of retained petroleum in lacustrine shale: A case study of the Paleogene in Huanghua depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2020年第5期47卷 916-930页

作者： ZHAO Xianzheng ZHOU Lihong PU Xiugang JIN Fengming SHI Zhannan HAN Wenzhong JIANG Wenya HAN Guomeng ZHANG Wei WANG Hu MA Jianying PetroChina Dagang Oilfield Company Tianjin 300280China

Compared with marine facies shale strata,lacustrine shale strata are more complicated in geological conditions,and thus more difficult to explore and *** realize economic exploration and development of lacustrine shale oil,the geological regularities of accumulation and high yield of retained movable petroleum in shale should be understood *** this work,taking the shale strata of Kong 2 Member and Sha 3 Member in the Paleogene of Huanghua depression in the Bohai Bay Basin as examples,based on the previous joint analysis results of over ten thousand core samples and the latest oil testing,production test and geochemical data of more than 30 horizontal wells,accumulation conditions and models of retained movable petroleum in lacustrine shale were studied *** study shows that at moderate organic matter abundance(with TOC from 2%to 4%),shale strata have the best match between oil content and brittleness,and thus are rich in oil and good in *** ancient lake basin size and moderate sediment supply intensity are the internal factors leading to best coupling of organic matter abundance and brittle mineral content in the shale *** thermal evolution maturity of Ro of 0.7%–1.0%(at burial depth of 3200 to 4300 m)is the interval where oil generation from thermal evolution and oil adsorption by kerogen in shale layers match best,and retained movable petroleum is high in *** diagenetic evolution stage(3200 to 4300 m in the middle diagenetic stage A)is conducive to the formation of a large number of dissolved pores and organic matter pores,which provide storage space for shale oil *** development degree of natural fractures(without damaging the shale oil roof and floor sealing conditions)is conducive to the storage,seepage and preservation of shale *** research results have overthrown the general understanding that high organic matter abundance,high maturity,and high development degree o

关键词： lacustrine shale retained hydrocarbon movable hydrocarbon shale oil enrichment model Kong 2 Member Sha 3 Member Huanghua Depression Bohai Bay Basin

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Nanoscale pore morphology and distribution of lacustrine shale reservoirs:Examples from the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2015年第4期24卷 512-519页

作者： Yang Wang Yanming Zhu Hongyan Wang Guangjun Feng Key Laboratory of Coalbed Methane Resources and Reservoir Formation Process Ministry of Education School of Resources and Earth Science China University of Mining and Technology Langfang Branch Petro China Exploration and Development Research Institute

Pore structure plays an important role in the gas storage and flow capacity of shale gas reservoirs. Fieldemission environmental scanning electron microscopy（FE-SEM） in combination with low-pressure carbon dioxide gas adsorption（CO2GA）,nitrogen gas adsorption（N2GA）,and high-pressure mercury intrusion（HPMI） were used to study the nanostructure pore morphology and pore-size distributions（PSDs） of lacustrine shale from the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin. Results show that the pores in the shale reservoirs are generally nanoscale and can be classified into four types： organic,interparticle,intraparticle,and microfracture. The interparticle pores between clay particles and organic-matter pores develop most often,l with pore sizes that vary from several to more than 100 nm. Mercury porosimetry analysis shows total porosities ranging between 1.93 and 7.68%,with a mean value of 5.27%. The BET surface areas as determined by N2 adsorption in the nine samples range from 10 to 20 m2/g and the CO2 equivalent surface areas（2 nm）vary from 18 to 71 m2/g. Together,the HPMI,N2 GA,and CO2 GA curves indicate that the pore volumes are mainly due to pores 100 nm in size. In contrast,however,most of the specific surface areas are provided by the micropores. The total organic carbon（TOC） and clay minerals are the primary controls of the structures of nanoscale pores（especially micropores and mesopores）. Micropores are predominantly determined by the content of the TOC,and mesopores are possibly related to the content of clay minerals,particularly the illite-montmorillonite mixed-layer content.

关键词： Pore morphology Pore-size distributions lacustrine shale Yanchang Formation Ordos Basin

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