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Marx and Modernity： Rethinking labour, Capital, and Capitalism

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Frontiers of History in China 2012年第3期7卷 330-343页

作者： Moishe Postone Department of History The University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA

This article argues that China＇s modern historical development and, more generally, modern global developments can be illuminated by a renewed encounter with Marx＇s critical analysis of capitalism. This renewed encounter entails a fundamental critique of traditional Marxism＇s understanding of capitalism and of socialism. It seeks to explain the historically dynamic character of capitalist society as a system of ongoing constraints. This central feature of the contemporary world cannot be grasped adequately by intellectual paradigms, such as theories of identity or of politics, which have been dominant in recent decades. The approach outlined here analyzes capitalist modernity as structured by a historically unique social function of labour, and is based on a fundamental reevaluation of the meaning of labour in Marx＇s analysis as the object, rather than the standpoint of his critique. The Marx＇s analytic categories also calls transhistorically valid social science. focus on the historical specificity of into question any conception of a

关键词： Marx historical dynamic labour capital historical specificity

Imagining a Different Future--Anarchist Equality and the Form of labour in the Journal of Natural Justice

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Frontiers of History in China 2012年第3期7卷 376-403页

作者： Zhihang Qiao The School of Information and Communication Meiji University Tokyo 1688555 Japan

In the late Qing, China entered the capitalist world-system and this brought about a structural change in society. In this context, late Qing intellectuals felt a double imperative： they had to combat imperialist invasion and economic plunder and therefore they had to establish a nation-state, which presupposed capitalist development. However, on the other hand, they saw the various problems associated with capitalism, and as they were developing their narratives of identity, they needed to find conceptual resources to counter Eurocentric narratives of history. Consequently, these intellectuals harbored a desire to overcome capitalism. This desire produced various post-capitalist utopias, which we can see in Kang Youwei, Tan Sitong and Zhang Taiyan. These utopias are especially meaningful today, in an age where capitalist domination is heightened, but hope for a post-capitalist future has greatly diminished. ＂Equality＂ is a keyword with which late Qing intellectuals mapped out the future. Moreover, ＂equality＂ expresses precisely the above doubled movement： on the one hand, it constitutes the condition for the nation state, but on the other hand, it is also a concept that late Qing intellectuals used to imagine a different future. Discussions of equality directly dealt with issues of labour, women, and so on. This essay takes as its focus the Journal of Natural Justice, which was organized by the Society for the Restoration of Women＇s rights organized by He Zhen, Liu Shipei and others. This journal published for less than one year, but it was one of the main joumals promoting socialism and anarchism. It was also the first to directly discuss ＂labour,＂ and it proposed an ideal of equality in which ＂everyone has work and everyone labours.＂ Throughout the rest of China＇s twentieth century, leftist and Marxist intellectuals continued this emphasis on labour. But capitalism presupposes that everyone is equal as a free-labourer. In this case, what is the relationship betwe

关键词： He Zhen Tianyi bao (the Journal of Natural Justice) Liu Shipei,Chinese Anarchism equality labour Marxism Capitalism Utopia

SOME ASPECTS OF EXPORT labour SERVICE IN CHINA

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Chinese Geographical Science 1996年第1期6卷 1-14页

作者：阎小培

This paper focuses on the evolution and characteristics of the export labour service in China since the modern time especially since the reform of economic system in *** the contract workers,central to the goal of making a living,were the main body of the international *** Guangdong and Fujian provinces were the main origin places of the migration but the destination of the migrants *** pull and push forces for driving the migration were *** analysis is turned to the characteristics of export labour service of China since the reform of economic system in 1978.1)The export laobur has increased rapidly despite a small quantity.2)The export labour service is planned and organized.3)The export workers are considered temporary migrants.4)The dominant ways of export labour service are project contracts and pure labour *** 5)the destinations of export labour are scattered over the ***,the impact of the export labour service on the origin places and the emerging problems and contradictions were examined. In China,export labour service has alleviated the employment contradiction and gradually become one of sources of gaining foreign currency on the one hand,and China,through the service,has learnt the advanced technology and management experiences of other ***,some problems in the service such as small number,unsatisfactory quality of the export labour,and the weak link betweenthe service and employment are emerging,which need to be ***,the prospects for China as a large country of export labour was discussed.

关键词： export labour service international migration.

labour analgesia effects on foetal heart rate. A mini-review

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2011年第3期1卷 113-120页

作者： Nicole Maria Anna Adela Engel Marc Van de Velde Jan Gerrit Nijhuis M. A. E. Marcus 不详

Foetal well-being during labour is of utmost importance. One of the ways to attempt to assess foetal well-being is by recording foetal heart rate (FHR). Loss of variability and deceleration patterns are known to be associated with foetal distress. Decelerations and foetal bradycardia have been described after any type of effective labour analgesia. This review addresses the questions if certain analgesic techniques and/or analgesics lead to clinically relevant FHR changes, what is their aetiology, and how we should manage these FHR changes.

关键词： labour Analgesia Foetal Heart Rate Changes Epidural Analgesia Combined Spinal Epidural Intravenous Analgesia

A Study on the Attitude and Preference of Antenatal Clinic Attendees to Companionship during labour and Delivery in Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki

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Advances in Reproductive Sciences 2019年第4期7卷 71-81页

作者： Sunday Uchenna Asogwa Johnbosco Ifunanya Nwafor Chuka Nobert Obi Chukwunenye Chukwu Ibo Darlington-Peter Chibuzor Ugoji Ikenna Chidi Ebere Alfred Nnabugwu Adiele Ayodele Adegbite Olaleye Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki Nigeria

Background: labour is a stressful physical and psychological experience in a woman’s life, requiring optimal coping mechanism. Companionship provides such needed support in this vulnerable moment of women. The presence of a companion of the woman’s choice had been noted to have a positive influence on her satisfaction with the birth process. Objectives: To ascertain the attitude of antenatal clinic attendees to companionship in labour and delivery and their preferred companions. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted between 10th June 2016 and 28th July 2016 on 297 antenatal clinic attendees at Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki. The respondents completed an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire assessing the attitude of antenatal clinic attendees to companionship in labour and delivery and their preferred companions. The data was analyzed using EpiinfoTM version 7.1.5. Results: A total of 297 pregnant women participated in the study. They were mainly Igbos (93.27%), and Christians (96.97%). Their ages ranged from 18 - 50 years with most of them between 21 - 30 years (68.35%). Most of the women had tertiary education (48%), and were unemployed (36.36%). Ninety two percent of the respondents wished for companionship in labour, while 32.66% has had companion in previous delivery(ies). All of the women that had experienced companionship expressed satisfaction with it. Majority of them preferred their Partners/Husbands as companions (47%). Conclusion: Majority of our women were desirous of companionship and preferred their partners/husbands.

关键词： Attitude Preference Antenatal Attendees Companionship labour Abakaliki

Efficacy and safety of oral solution dosed misoprostol versus misoprostol vaginally in labour induction

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2013年第9期3卷 673-679页

作者： Longinos Aceituno Velasco María Teresa Sánchez Barroso María Huertas Segura García Valois González Acosta Ramón de la Fuente Pedrosa Ana Barqueros Ramírez Luis Delgado Martínez Encarna Ruiz Martínez Gynaecologic Clinic Management Unit Hospital “La Inmaculada” (Huercal-Overa) Healthcare Management Area North of Almeria Andalusian Health Service Andalusian Spain

Background: labour induction is one of the most common medical procedures in obstetrics. The aim is to end the pregnancy when continuity is a risk to mother or fetus. Its main side effect is the increase in the cesarean rate, compared to spontaneous onset deliveries. On the other hand, mortality and morbidity in cesareans are higher. The most common pharmacological drugs used for induction are prostaglandins: dinoprostone and misoprostol. The “gold standard” for labour induction is vaginal misoprostol. The oral route is also effective and also has several benefits like faster onset and easear administration. In recent years several publications state that the administration of misoprostol oral solution, given in doses gradually, is associated with a lower cesarean and hyperstimulation rate than the cases where vaginal misoprostol has been used in pregnant women with unripe cervix. Furthermore, being its half life shorter, it may be very useful in case of uterine hyperstimulation and, probably, a high percentage of women prefer this oral administration to the vaginal one. The objective of this study is to compare the efficacy, safety and side effects on mother and fetus on use of oral versus vaginal administration for induction of labour for prolonged gestation (41 weeks) and premature rupture of membranes, both with live fetus. Methods/Design: Design: double blind controlled trial. Study population: Pregnant women whose labour will be induced due to premature rupture of membranes or prolonged gestation. Inclusion Criteria: 1) Bishop Test equal to or less than 7;2) Single pregnancy;3) Pregnancy at term (37 - 42 weeks);4) No history of uterine surgery;5) Cephalic presentation;6) Live fetus;7) No prostaglandins contraindications. Discussion: Nowadays induction rates are very high, ranging from 25% to 30% approximately. In these cases caesarean rates are higher than when the delivery starts spontaneously. That is one of the main reasons why caesareans have increased, ma

关键词： Cervical Ripening labour Induction Misoprostol Administration Oral Intravaginal Oxytocin Dinoprostone Pregnancy Prolonged Fetal Membranes Premature Rupture

Experiences of women with the support they received from their birth companions during labour and delivery in Malawi

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Health 2013年第1期5卷 45-52页

作者： Esther Kungwimba Address Malata Alfred Maluwa Ellen Chirwa Department of Maternal and Child Health University of Malawi Kamuzu College of Nursing Blantyre Malawi Department of Maternal and Child Health University of Malawi Kamuzu College of Nursing Lilongwe Malawi Malawi College of Health Sciences Blantyre Malawi Research Directorate University of Malawi Kamuzu College of Nursing Lilongwe Malawi

A study was conducted to describe the experiences of primiparous women with the support they received from their birth companions during labour and delivery in Malawi. The study design was descriptive and utilized qualitative data collection and analysis method on a sample of 20 primiparous women. The women were recruited from the postnatal ward of Bwaila hospital and were interviewed regarding their experiences on the support they received from their birth companions during labour and delivery using an open ended interview guide. Data was manually analyzed using content analysis. Primiparous women described the support they received from their birth companions as useful and beneficial. Birth companions provided advice, physical, emotional and spiritual support to the women during their labour and delivery. In addition, the birth companions were viewed as guardians of the women during labour and delivery. Results however, show that some women were not properly assisted by their companions because both the mothers and companions lacked knowledge on birth companionship. The results further show that birth companions play important roles during the birth and delivery of primiparous women and thereby improving birth outcomes. Therefore, there is a need to train the companions regarding support to a woman during labour and delivery. Primiparous women also need to be trained during antenatal care education so that they properly understand the roles of a birth companion as opposed to those of the midwives.

关键词： Primiparous Woman Birth Companion labour Delivery Support Antenatal Clinic Education Birth Experience

Pain Relief in labour: How Can We Improve Intrapartum Care?

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2016年第13期6卷 785-793页

作者： Sally Byford Edward Weaver Nambour General Hospital Nambour Australia University of Queensland Brisbane Australia

Background: Pain in labour is perceived differently for every individual. We can improve the outcomes and patient satisfaction with intrapartum care by ensuring adequate education and appropriate use of requested pain relief options. Encouraging informed personal control contributes to a women’s overall satisfaction. Aims: To assess current practice and identify improvement areas in the perception, planning and use of pain relief options, and how this impacts satisfaction of pain relief in labour. Methods: 114 retrospective anonymous patient questionnaires were returned by women delivering by spontaneous vaginal delivery, instrumental delivery or emergency caesarean section at Nambour General Hospital between April and July 2011. Data were collated and analysed using STATA. Results: 83% and 65% of women had their pain relief options explained antenatally and on admission respectively. 92% reported their pain relief was adequately provided. There was a significant difference (p Conclusions: Education of pain relief options for labour antenatally and on birth suite admission, with adequate discussion and documentation of their wishes encourages informed planning and use of pain relief. This promotes personal choice and control, resulting in improved overall satisfaction of pain relief in labour.

关键词： Pain Relief Childbirth labour

Relationship between Bishop Score and Success of Induction of labour in Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2018年第11期8卷 980-992页

作者： Arinze Chidiebele Ikeotuonye Chidebe Christian Anikwe Johnson Akuma Obuna Bartholomew Chukwunonye Okorochukwu Brown Nnamdi Ejikeme Chinedu Chukwuemeka Ifemelumma Ifeoma Cecilia Ekwunife Francis Chigozie Okoroafor Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki Ebonyi State Abakaliki Nigeria Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Federal Medical Centre Owerri Nigeria

Background: The ripeness of the cervix is of critical importance to the probability of successful labour induction. Aim: To determine the relationship between successful induction of labour and Bishop score. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of all obstetric patients who had induction of labour between January 1st 2012 and December 31st 2015 was done in Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki. The information obtained from patients’ case notes was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics at an alpha level of 0.05 for all statistical tests. Results: During the study period, there were 9548 deliveries;2.76% (264) was by induction of labour with success rate of 75.4%. The mean age of the women was 28.4 ± 5.8 years;majority where nulliparous (45.45%). The most common indication for induction of labour was postdatism (43.94%). Success of induction of labour was most likely at Bishop score of 8 to 10 (OR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.72 - 0.84). Induction delivery interval was shortest with use of Foley catheter and misoprostol. Conclusion: Our study has shown that success of induction of labour was most likely at Bishop Score of 8 - 10. We advocate the use of Foley catheter and misoprostol for cervical ripening especially when there is need to expedite delivery.

关键词： Bishop Score Induction of labour Induction Delivery Interval Latent Period Interval Misoprostol