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China Economist 2009年第5期4卷 58-65页

作者：都阳曲玥 Institute of Population and labor Economics Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

Unlike the usual practice of equating wages or labor compensation with labor cost,this paper incorporates labor productivity into an analytical framework and holds that the labor cost advantage is the relative relationship between labor compensation and labor productivity.Based on an empirical study of the data of Chinese manufacturing firms that include all state-owned enterprises and non-state-owned enterprises with their annual revenue greater than 5 million yuan from 2000 to 2007,this paper finds that labor compensation growth was accompanied by faster labor productivity growth.Hence,the labor cost advantage was not weakened during this period.Furthermore,this paper conducts an exploration of how to sustain labor cost advantages in the future and proposes that they can be sustained by upgrading the industrial structure and improving the education system.

关键词： labor compensation labor productivity labor cost advantage

labor Induction with Oral Misoprostol in Term Pregnancy: A Clinical Trial

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2021年第10期9卷 74-88页

作者： Teddy Habiragi Matega Mike-Antoine Alongo Maindo Jean-Didier Nguma Bosenge Albert Okolongo Wembakoy Noël Otuli Labama Jean-Jeannot Syhalikyolo Juakali Antoine O’Yandjo Modia Jean-Pascal Okenge Manga Gédéon Bosunga Katenga Department of Gynecology and Obstrics Faculty of Medecine and Pharmacy University of Kisangani Kisangani Democratic Republic of Congo Congolaise National Police Provincial Hospital of Tshopo Kisangani Democratic Republic of Congo Higher Institute of Medical Techniques of Haut Uélé Isiro Democratic Republic of Congo

Introduction: Induction of labor has become an increasingly utilized obstetric intervention in developed countries. It contributes to reduce the maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Dinoprostone derivatives are often used under cardiotocography. In poor countries, health structures have neither fetal monitoring, nor means of preserving Dinoprostone derivatives. Misoprostol therefore constitutes an alternative. This study seeks to establish the efficacy and safety of oral Misoprostol and to assess maternal and perinatal prognosis in an area with limited resource. Methods: This is a multi-center clinical trial, conducted in 3 hospitals centers in Kisangani, Tshopo Province/Democratic Republic of Congo from December 1, 2020 to May 31, 2021. Our sample was constituted with 68 pregnant women with term pregnancy. Fifty micrograms of Misoprostol was administered orally. The data were collected prospectively, their encoding was carried out on an Excel sheet 2013 and their analysis carried out using the EPI INFO software. Results: The average age of the pregnant women was 23.17 ± 5.76 years. The average parity was 1.02 ± 1.2. The average body mass index (BMI) was 24.98 ± 2.55 Kg/m2. 66 (97.1%) patients had received a maximum of 3 doses of Misoprostol. Out of the 16 parturients who received 3 doses or more, 11 (68.8%) had a BMI ≥ 25. The average duration of labor was 16.03 ± 7.99 hours. 66 (97.1%) pregnant women had delivered vaginally. 57 (83.8%) patients delivered within 24 hours. Out of the 11 patients who delivered after 24 hours, 7 (63.6%) had a BMI ≥ 25. The induction failure rate was 2.9% (2 patients). 2 (2.9%) fetuses had presented pathological modification of fetal heart rate (FHR). 2 (2.9%) patients had undergone cesarean section. Conclusion: labor induction with oral Misoprostol is effective and associated with low maternal and perinatal morbidity. A BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 increases the number of doses to be given and th

关键词： Misoprostol Efficacy labor BMI Kisangani

labor Force Participation Rates in China:Present and Future

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China Economist 2010年第6期5卷 84-100页

作者：马忠东吕智浩叶孔嘉 Department of Social Sciences of Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Intern Analyst of Population and Sustainable Development Center Population and Sustainable Development Center of Fok Ying Tung Research Institute

This paper describes the changes in China’s total population,labor force age structure and labor force participation rate(LFPR).Based on census data,this paper assesses the age pattern and changes in the LFPR,examines factors affectingthe LFPR through modeling and predicts the trends of labor force development to 2050.We find that the labor force hasbeen growing rapidly at an average annual rate of 6 percent from 1980 to 2005 due to improvements in competency andstructure.On the other hand,the overall LFPR declined mainly due to prolonged education that slashed the LFPR amongadolescents.The age pattern of labor force participation is in the shape of an inverted-U curve.Results from a Logit regression model of labor participation indicate that labor force participation intensity is higher inthe South than in the North and higher among the male population than among the female population.Presuming that thetotal fertility rate climbs to 2.0,life expectancy increases by ten years,and delayed retirement age lengthen the duration oflabor participation.We have made the following forecasts:(1) China’s future working age population will decrease;(2) labor force willexperience zero growth within 15 years and then negative growth;(3) the middle-aged and elderly populations willaccount for a significant share of the labor force.It is important to explore ways to increase,train and use human resourcesand increase the LFPR and productivity.In today’s China,regional or structural labor force shortage has already emerged.With an ageing population,China should take proactive measures by relaxing its birth policy,increasing education andtraining,promoting labor flow,and increasing the LFPR among the middle-aged,particularly women,so as to preventsevere shocks from a diminishing labor force.

关键词： labor force LFPR labor force projection

气候变化情景下中国因高温造成的劳动生产力损失预估

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Science Bulletin 2023年第22期68卷 2827-2837,M0006页

作者：程亮亮谷魁英赵亮王会滨纪思翰刘钊黄建斌陈艺丹高学杰徐影王灿罗勇蔡闻佳宫鹏梁万年黄存瑞 School of Public Health Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510080China Vanke School of Public Health Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China State Key laboratory of Numerical Modelling for Atmosphere Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China School of Linkong Economics and Management Beijing Institute of Economics and ManagementBeijing 100102China Beijing Yanshan Earth Critical Zone National Research Station University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 101408China College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China State Key Joint laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control School of EnvironmentTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100084China Climate Change Research Centre Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China National Climate Centre China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081China Department of Earth System Science Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System ModelingInstitute for Global Change StudiesTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Department of Earth Sciences and Department of Geography University of Hong KongHong Kong 999077China Institute of Healthy Chin1 Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

气候变化背景下,高温会影响职业人群的工作效率并造成劳动生产力损失.本研究基于区域气候模式并采用本土化的暴露-反应函数,预估了未来气候变化情景下中国因高温造成的劳动时间损失.研究发现,与基线期的213亿小时高温相关劳动时间损失相... 详细信息

气候变化背景下,高温会影响职业人群的工作效率并造成劳动生产力损失.本研究基于区域气候模式并采用本土化的暴露-反应函数,预估了未来气候变化情景下中国因高温造成的劳动时间损失.研究发现,与基线期的213亿小时高温相关劳动时间损失相比,到21世纪末在RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下,损失将分别增加-17.8%、10.8%及121.1%.损失主要集中在华南、华中和华东地区,其中广东与河南将占到全国总损失的四分之一.因为这些区域的温度将更高、人口更密集、户外工作者在总人群中的比例较大.与RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景相比,若能实现1.5℃温控目标,将分别能够避免11.8%、33.7%和53.9%的劳动时间损失,相当于避免了全中国21世纪中叶的0.1%、0.6%及1.4%的年均GDP损失.本研究显示未来气候变化会给中国造成严重的热相关劳动生产力损失,并强调亟需采取因地制宜的气候减缓及适应策略以保护职业人群健康.本研究对其他与中国相似的发展中国家同样具有重要意义.

关键词： Climate change Heat stress labor Work hours lost Occupational health

labor Pain through the Eyes of Brazilian Women and Delivery Nurses

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Open Journal of Nursing 2018年第1期8卷 78-92页

作者： Rafaela Feitosa Coutinho Taiane da Silva Alves Alecssandra de Fátima Silva Viduedo Rejane Antonello Griboski Casandra G. R. M. P. de Leon Juliana Machado Schardosim School of Ceilandia University of Brasília Brasília Brazil Maternity Hospital Brasília Brasília Brazil The Undergraduate Program in Nursing School of Ceilandia University of Brasília Brasília Brazil

Objective: Understanding the perception of women who have recently given birth in a Brazilian hospital regarding labor pain and nursing involvement in the labor process. Methodology: exploratory, descriptive and qualitative study carried out in a Maternity part of the supplementary health system in the Federal District (DF). Data were collected between May and July 2015 through interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire. The sample consisted of 16 mothers and data analysis followed Bardin methodology in three phases. Results: The pain experienced during labor is surrounded by feelings and expectations. Both positive and negative feelings experienced by mothers were identified in the interviews and unanimous opinion was the fact that the second stage is the most painful period as continuous pain is experienced. Some of the participants compared pain with strong menstrual cramps, renal colic and back pain;others, said labor pain was the strongest ever experienced. The immediate contact with the newborn was referred to as a reward for coping with breast pain and suffering. Other factors such as the importance of follow-up, support and coping with the pain and care provided by health staff were also highlighted. Conclusion: empowerment of the mother and family through knowledge is considered an important tool to fight pain and cope with the birth process in a positive and physiological way, which in the long run promotes a cultural change in the population regarding the importance of vaginal birth.

关键词： labor Pain Supplementary Health Birth Humanization Obstetrical Nursing Nursing Care

labor Productivity Growth Effect of Industrial Structure Evolution in Guangdong Province during the Period 1978-2008:An Empirical Test of “Structural Bonus Hypothesis”

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Asian Agricultural Research 2012年第11期4卷 25-29页

作者： ZHENG Ning XIAN Chun-long College of Economics and Management South China Agricultural University

The labor flow promotes the industrial structure evolution,thereby affecting the growth of productivity.In the western industrialized countries,improvement in labor productivity has become an important source of economic growth.On the basis of analyzing changes of the industrial structure,changes of the structure of labor factor,changes of labor productivity and the growth rate in Guangdong Province in different periods,we use shift-share method to analyze the labor productivity effect of industrial structure in Guangdong Province,and put forward the following recommendations for the adjustment of industrial structure in Guangdong Province:(i) The adjustment of industrial structure should promote the reasonable and effective flow of labor between industries;(ii) Accelerating the optimization of the industrial structure is conducive to economic growth and improvement in labor productivity;(iii) In addition to structural optimization,the improvement in labor productivity should also focus on the improvement in intra-industry technology.

关键词： Industrial structure labor productivity Structural

labor Cost Analysis for Pome Production in Different Cultivation Modes in Hebei Province

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Asian Agricultural Research 2013年第4期5卷 36-40页

作者： Shaoyan ZHOU Yu HUANG Cui YAO Runhang LU Xingfang LIU China University of Geosciences Great Wall College Xinji Forest Bureau

Taking the traditional fruit pear as the example, this paper analyzes labor cost for pome production in Hebei Province, based on the representative cases and the research of pome production in different cultivation modes. Firstly, it conducts cost analysis for medium-density pome production in Xinji City, focusing on the comparison of the costs for the main production labor in standard thin planting mode and dwarf close planting mode. According to the research results, labor cost has a great influence on the total production cost of pome. The methods to reduce labor cost include: adopting dwarfing rootstock close planting and intensively efficient pome cultivation method; simplifying the pruning method when matching up the shape of tree; improving soil by the methods of natural grasses and addition of organic materials, and increasing mechanized operation.

关键词： labor cost Pear Dwarf close planting Natural grass

Abruptio Placentae 116 Cases: Role of PGE1 in Cervical Ripening and Induction of labor, January 2006-August 2006

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2018年第6期8卷 585-597页

作者： Pratibha Devabhaktuni M. G. S. Nagasree Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Modern Government Maternity Hospital/Osmania Medical College Hyderabad Telangana India

OBJECTIVES: In the very high risk obstetric cases of placental abruption, expediting delivery is of utmost urgency, since the complications are related to the abruption delivery interval. Before the introduction of prostaglandins for labor induction, it was a routine practice to do amniotomy and use oxytocin drip to accelerate labor when vaginal delivery was contemplated. We present 116 cases of placental abruption, including the severe cases, managed in the year 2006 during a period of 8 months, at Modern Government Maternity Hospital, which was the biggest maternity hospital in the combined state of Andhra Pradesh, and is the biggest in the state of Telangana, attached to Osmania Medical College. The role of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), for cervical ripening and labor induction/augmentation has been analyzed in this observational study. A variety of variables including age, parity, gestational age, severity of abruption and maternal and fetal status, associated preeclampsia, Bishop score, availability of blood and blood products, associated complications, all factors influence the management adopted. MATERIAL METHODS: The response to PGE1 induction has been studied in terms of efficacy, the total number of doses of vaginal PGE1 in relation to parity, induction delivery interval, successful vaginal delivery rate, the indications for caesarean delivery, perinatal outcome and complications. A decision was made for either abdominal delivery or vaginal delivery on a case to case basis. A routine amniotomy was performed when the cervical os was open, both for confirmation of diagnosis and to release intra uterine pressure, and also it would help in the acceleration of labor. When the Bishop score was more than six, amniotomy was performed and an oxytocin intravenous drip was started. If the Bishop score was less than six, 25/50 mcg. Misoprostol (PGE1) was placed high in the vagina. OBSERVATIONS: Primies that had abruption were 27/116 = 23.27% and multies were 89/116 = 76.72%. In our study 68/116, (58.62%) had preeclamsia

关键词： Placental Abruption Antepartum Haemorrhage PGE1 Misoprostol labor Induction

The Combination of the Fetal Fibronectin Bedside Test and Cervical Length in Preterm labor Is Useful for Prediction of Preterm Birth

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2015年第13期5卷 746-753页

作者： Monya Todesco Moritz Hartog Thomas Fabbro Olav Lapaire Irene M. Hoesli Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Kantonsspital Aarau Aarau Switzerland Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Marien Hospital Witten Witten Germany Clinical Trial Unit University of Basel Basel Switzerland Department of Obstetrics University of Basel Basel Switzerland

Objective: To determine the value of fetal fibronectin (FFN), cervical length (CL) measurement and their combination as binary predictors for preterm birth (PB) in women with preterm labour (PTL) between 24 + 0 and 34 + 0 weeks. Methods: One hundred fifty-nine patients with signs of PTL (singleton pregnancies (SP) = 125, twin pregnancies (TP) = 34) were evaluated in a retrospective study. Inclusion criteria were contractions > 4/20 min, intact membranes, no bleeding. The cut-off was ≥50 ng/ml for FFN and ≤20 mm for CL measured by transvaginal ultrasound. The primary outcome variable was delivery within 7 days from admission. Results: We evaluated 125 SPs and 34 TPs. In SPs, both methods had a sensitivity of 80%;the specificity was 82% for FFN, and 50% for CL. For the combination of both tests sensitivity was 80% and specificity 88%. In TPs, the sensitivity of both tests was lower (FFN 33%, CL 67%) but the combination of both tests represented the highest result for specificity (77% compared to 68% for FFN alone and 32% for CL alone). Conclusion: The combination of FFN and CL in PTL results in a significant higher specificity in SPs. In TPs the performance of the tests is less accurate.

关键词： Preterm labor Fetal Fibronectin Cervical Length Preterm Birth

The Safety and Efficacy of Transcutaneous Nerve Stimulation (TENS) in Reducing Vaginal Delivery labor Pain: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2020年第5期10卷 657-670页

作者： Hanan A. A. Farra Hatem S. Shalaby Ahmed A. Fahmy Maii Nawara Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt

Background: labor analgesia remains the center of interest for both obstetricians and women. The safety of the traditional pharmacologic analgesics remains questionable due to their potential fetal and maternal complications. Therefore, several non-pharmacological modalities were evaluated for their safety and efficacy to relieve labor pain. Among these methods, transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TENS) gained much concern due to ease of use, low cost and high capacity for women self-titration. The study aims to investigate the efficacy of TENS in reducing labor pain associated with vaginal deliveries, and to determine the factors controlling the response to TENS. Methods: The study was a randomized, controlled clinical trial. A total of 390 women candidates for vaginal delivery were randomly allocated to 3 groups of intervention: paracetamol infusion, TENS, and intramuscular pethidine (130 women per group). The primary endpoint was pain intensity assessed on 10-point VAS scale and women satisfaction. Secondary endpoints included maternal or fetal complications. Results: VAS scores recorded during vaginal deliveries demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in TENS group compared to paracetamol at 15, 30 minutes, 1 and 2 hours, while pethidine arm demonstrated lower scores than TENS group (p labor pain analgesic with comparable efficacy and superior safety relative to pethidine. Clinicians should personalize TENS therapy according to women’s BMI and education level for optimized pain control.

关键词： Transcutaneous Nerve Stimulation Vaginal Delivery labor Pain