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Allomaternal care and‘adoption'in an edge-of-range population of Taihangshan macaques in Northern China

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Current Zoology 2023年第2期69卷 215-218页

作者： Yongman Guo Cyril C Grueter Jiqi Lu School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China School of Human Sciences The University of Western AustraliaWA 6009Australia Centre for Evolutionary Biology School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaWA 6009Australia International Center of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation Dali UniversityDali671003China Taihangshan Macaque Research Center Jiyuan459000China

Among mammals,mothers provide maternal care and protection starting from gestation and they ensure nutritional supply via lactation after birth(Clutton-Brock 1991).However,in social mammals,infants may also be cared for by a variety of other group members,such as fathers,siblings,a host of more distant relatives,and even unrelated individuals.Care by individuals other than the mother is known as allomaternal care(nonmaternal care)(Ishizuka 2020).Moreover,adoption of an orphaned infant is a special case of allomaternal care(Chaves et al.2020).

关键词： Taihangshan macaques Macaca mulatta tcheliensis allomaternal care adoption paternity analyses kin selection

Cannibalism in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum

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Insect Science 2014年第6期21卷 750-758页

作者： Lucy C. Cooper Camille Desjonqueres Simon R. Leather Imperial College London Silwood Park Campus Buckhurst Road Ascot Berkshire SL5 7PY Department of Crop and Environment Sciences Harper Adams University Edgmond Newport Shropshire TF10 8NB United Kingdom

Previous observations of cannibalism have been made in the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum （L.）： this article seeks to quantify factors contributing to such be- haviors. We observed and quantified the responses of a number of clones and life stages to varying levels of starvation, in the form of increasingly desiccated Vicafaba L. plants （receiving 50, 25, or 10 mL every second day） or a complete absence of host plant. We found that, while the longest incidences of cannibalism are carried out by juveniles （F = 3.45, P = 0.019, df = 3） and targeted at adults, the starvation treatments had the most significant effect on the prevalence of cannibalism in mature A. pisum （F ---- 2.24, P = 0.025, df = 9）. Furthermore, there was no difference between the prevalence or dura- tion of cannibalistic activities within and between different clones （P 〉 0.05 in all cases）, though juveniles were more likely to target unrelated aphids （V = 6 112, P = 0.011）, and spent more time feeding on aphids from the same culture （V = 6 062, P = 0.018）.

关键词： Acyrthosiphon pisum Aphididae behavior cannibalism kin selection modularity

The Basic Principles of kin Sociality and Eusociality: Human Evolution

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Natural Science 2016年第1期8卷 8-19页

作者： Ding-Yu Chung Utica MI USA

The paper posits that kin sociality and eusociality are derived from the handicap-care principles based on the need-based care to the handicappers from the caregivers for the self-interest of the caregivers. In this paper, handicap is defined as the difficulty to survive and reproduce independently. kin sociality is derived from the childhood handicap-care principle where the children are the handicapped children who receive the care from the kin caregivers in the inclusive kin group to survive. The caregiver gives care for its self-interest to reproduce its gene. The individual’s gene of kin sociality contains the handicapped childhood and the caregiving adulthood. Eusociality is derived from the adulthood handicap-care principle where responsible adults are the handicapped adults who give care and receive care at the same time in the interdependent eusocial group to survive and reproduce its gene. Queen bees reproduce, but must receive care from worker bees that work but must rely on queen bees to reproduce. A caregiver gives care for its self-interest to survive and reproduce its gene. The individual’s gene of eusociality contains the handicapped childhood-adulthood and the caregiving adulthood. The chronological sequence of the sociality evolution is individual sociality without handicap, kin sociality with handicapped childhood, and eusociality with handicapped adulthood. Eusociality in humans is derived from bipedalism and the mixed habitat. The chronological sequence of the eusocial human evolution is 1) the eusocial early hominins with bipedalism and the mixed habitat, 2) the eusocial early Homo species with bipedalism, the larger brain, and the open habitat, 3) the eusocial late Homo species with bipedalism, the largest brain, and the unstable habitat, and 4) extended eusocial Homo sapiens with bipedalism, the shrinking brain, omnipresent imagination, and the harsh habitat. The omnipresence of imagination in human culture converts eusociality into extended eusociality with both perception and omnipresent

关键词： kin Sociality Eusociality Evolution kin selection Group selection The Handicap-Care Principle Human Evolution Supernatural Hamilton’s Rule Domestication Shrinking Brain Upper Paleolithic Revolution

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亲缘选择能否印证《孟子》之四端说