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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2018年第8期17卷 1888-1899页

作者： SONG Chun-xiao Les Oxley MA Heng-yun College of Economics and Management Henan Agricultural University Department of Economics and Finance University of Waikato

Water availability is a major constraint on grain production in China, therefore, improving irrigation efficiency is particularly important when agriculture faces extreme weather events. This paper first calculates irrigation efficiency with a translog stochastic frontier production function and then investigates what happens when extreme weather events occur via a Tobit model. The estimated results reveal several important features of irrigation practices: i) irrigation efficiency is lower when extreme weather events occur; ii) large variations in irrigation efficiency occur across irrigation facilities; iii) the farm plots exhibit an extreme distribution across efficiency levels; and iv) water-saving techniques, technology adoption, and the maintenance of farmers’ economic resilience are major determinants of irrigation efficiency. Based on these results we propose the following recommendations: i) farmers should balance crop yield and water use; undertake relevant training programs and adopt water-saving techniques; ii) local governments and researchers should help farmers to find the optimal level of irrigation water use based on their own circumstances and provide better water-saving techniques and training programs rather than simply encouraging farmers to invest in irrigation facilities in the most extreme weather years; and iii) the income level of farm households should be increased so as to improve their resilience to natural disasters.

关键词： irrigation efficiency determinants irrigation facilities water-saving techniques extreme weather events

The effect of different agricultural management practices on irrigation efficiency, water use efficiency and green and blue water footprint

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2017年第2期4卷 185-194页

作者： La ZHUO Arjen Y.HOEKSTRA Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Northwest A&F University Twente Water Centre University of Twente Institute of Water Policy Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy National University of Singapore

This paper explores the effect of varying agricultural management practices on different water efficiency indicators: irrigation efficiency(IE), crop water use efficiency(WUE), and green and blue water footprint(WF). We take winter wheat in an experimental field in Northern China as a case study and consider a dry, average and wet year. We conducted 24 modeling experiments with the Aqua Crop model, for all possible combinations of four irrigation techniques, two irrigation strategies and three mulching methods. Results show that deficit irrigation most effectively improved blue water use, by increasing IE(by 5%) and reducing blue WF(by 38%), however with an average 9% yield reduction. Organic or synthetic mulching practices improved WUE(by 4% and 10%, respectively)and reduced blue WF(by 8% and 17%, respectively), with the same yield level. Drip and subsurface drip irrigation improved IE and WUE, but drip irrigation had a relatively large blue WF. Improvements in one water efficiency indicator may cause a decline in another. In particular,WUE can be improved by more irrigation at the cost of the blue WF. Furthermore, increasing IE, for instance by installing drip irrigation, does not necessarily reduce the blue WF.

关键词： field management irrigation efficiency water footprint water productivity water use efficiency

Water conservation in the Arab region: a must for survival

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2013年第1期5卷 157-164页

作者： Gamal M. Abdo Abdin M. A. Salih Abdulmohsen Al-Sheikh Civil Engineering Department University of Khartoum Sudan Alzamil Group Chair King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia

The Arab region covers an area over 13 million square kilometers in size, with almost 90% of its area classified as arid or ex- tremely arid with very little precipitation, extremely high evaporation and almost no vegetation cover. The region is classified in many international reports as the poorest region in the world in the context of renewable water resources and critical water scarcity which hinders the socio-economfic development of many countries in this region. The rapidly increasing population has reduced the per capita share of renewable water to less than the poverty line of 1,000 m3/（capita＇a） and, in some Arab countries, to less than the extreme poverty line of 500 m3/（capita＇a）. This has led to over-exploitation of non-renewable groundwater and desalination of salty water in many countries with considerable costs and contamination of many renewable sources. Atmospheric processes re- sponsible for aridity in the Arab region are projected to intensify due to climate change, resulting in an alarming decrease in pre- cipitation and increase in evaporation rates. Many concerned entities in the region consider water security as a key element for food security and ultimately political stability. Hence, various efforts have been exerted to identify key problems and suggested solutions. The Arab Water Ministers Council of the Arab League, as well as Reports of the Arab Forum for the Environment and Development （AFED） and the recommendations of the 13th Regional Meeting of the Arab National Committees of the Interna- tional Hydrological Programme of UNESCO （niP）, have all made similar recommendations on the need to address the issues of water scarcity in the Arab region which will be further discussed in this paper. However, none of these reports focused on ＂Water Conservation＂ as an equally important action for coping with water scarcity in the region. There are many definitions for ＂Water Conservation＂ in the scientific literature, including huge water savings

关键词： arid zone water scarcity water security irrigation efficiency climate change water harvesting water reuse

Jordan’s Water Sector—Alarming Issues and Future

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2021年第12期9卷 100-117页

作者： Elias Salameh Hakam Al-Alami University of Jordan Amman Jordan

Jordan has, to a satisfactory degree, managed its scarce water resources, especially during the last few decades due to the regional conflicts and refugee waves hosted in the country since 1948. The waves of refugees in 1967, and after), returnees from the Gulf States 1991/92, during the first Gulf war), Lebanon (1970s and 1980s), Iraq (2003 and after, and lastly Syria (2011-2017 have as well severely impacted the management of water resources which has negatively impacted the water sector especially in terms of allocating new water resources to satisfy the needs of the country. In addition, shortsightedness of some water policy-makers has led to the deteriorations in the water resources quantitatively and qualitatively, which has resulted in social and economic discomfort of the population. In this article, the shortcomings in the water sector are addressed, such as setting an end to groundwater overexploitation, providing water to the population in a continuous way, improving water use efficiency in agricultural uses and the way forward is delineated based on a critical judgment of the actual situation of the water sector in order to reach at a more robust water sector with all its positive impacts on the social, economic and political life in the country.

关键词： Interrupted Water Pumping Overexploitation irrigation efficiency Per Capita Water Use Sector Management

Evaluation of Water Delivery Performance of Nkhafi irrigation Scheme in Dowa District, Malawi, Africa

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Computational Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering 2021年第3期10卷 95-107页

作者： Davis Sibale Godfrey Mwenelupembe Sylvester Chikabvumbwa Sylvester Chisale Department of Land and Water Resources Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources Lilongwe Malawi Department of Civil Engineering (Water) University of Malawi The Polytechnic Blantyre Malawi Department of Applied Studies Malawi University of Science and Technology Thyolo Malawi

This study evaluated the water delivery performance of Nkhafi irrigation scheme based on adequacy, water delivery efficiency, equity, dependability and irrigation efficiency. Primary data were collected from field measurements, scheduled interviews, group discussions and use of a structured questionnaire. CROPWAT 8.0 computer model was used to determine crop water requirements and irrigation requirements. The results revealed that adequacy, water delivery efficiency, equity, dependability and overall water delivery performance were (0.74;0.82), (0.70;0.80), (0.15;0.20), (0.11;0.21) and (0.80;0.80) for 2017 and 2018 seasons respectively. The scheme overall irrigation efficiencies were 20% and 25% for 2017 and 2018 respectively. These findings revealed that scheme users failed to deliver adequate and dependable water in an effective manner in both growing seasons. This occurred due to insufficient water supply, poor irrigation scheduling, lack of adequate knowledge and skills in operating and rehabilitating hydraulic structures, siltation and water losses through seepage in canals. Therefore, it is recommended that major maintenance works need to be done along the whole canal network in order to achieve good overall water delivery performance. Furthermore, farmers need to be trained in water management, sustainable agricultural production practices, operation and maintenance of irrigation structures. The study has provided an insight on the status of the scheme hence encouraging scheme users to improve water delivery performance.

关键词： Adequacy Water Delivery efficiency Equity Dependability irrigation efficiency

Drought analysis in middle Heihe River

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Agricultural Science & Technology 2005年第4期6卷 22-28页

作者： Jin Junying Zhang Zhenwei Zhang Weihua Faculty of Fishery and Hydrology Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China North China Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power Zhengzhou 450008 China

Water shortage has become one of the severest problems in the middle Heihe River Basin because of high water demand but low available water supply. This paper is oriented to provide solutions to the problem through the analysis of drought. The main objectives to analyze the difference between water demand and supply in various water users in past, present (2000), and project (2010) situation, especially in agriculture, and the most important is to propose and assess a reasonable measure with the purpose of minimum drought and sustainable development. A simulation model, WAFLEX (Water Allocation Flow model in Excel) model is applied in this study to cope with water availability, distribution and requirement of various water users, and the result shows the model and the method is effective and feasible.

关键词： drought water demand and supply water users water use priority runoff ground water abstraction reservoir irrigation efficiency

Agricultural Water Footprint of Southern Highbush Blueberry Produced Commercially with Drip irrigation and Sprinkler Frost Protection

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Agricultural Sciences 2023年第1期14卷 114-128页

作者： Alejandro Pannunzio Eduardo Holzapfel Alicia Fernandez Cirelli Pamela Texeira Camilo Souto David R. Bryla School of Agronomy University of Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina Water Research Center for Agriculture and Mining (CRHIAM) Department of Water Resources Universidad de Concepción Chillán Chile U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Horticultural Crops Production and Genetic Improvement Research Unit Corvallis USA

A study was conducted from 2010 to 2017 to determine the water footprint for producing blueberries in the Entre Ríos province of Argentina. Three cultivars of southern highbush blueberry (hybrid cross of Vaccinium sp.) were evaluated in the study, including “Star”, “Emerald”, and “Snowchaser”. In each case, the plants were irrigated by drip and protected from frost using overhead sprinklers. Water requirements for irrigation and frost protection varied among the cultivars due to differences in the timing of flowering and fruit development. The annual water footprint for fruit production in each cultivar is expressed in units of cubic meters of water used to produce one ton of fresh fruit and ranged from 212 - 578 m3∙t−1 for “Star”, 296 - 985 m3∙t−1 for “Emerald”, and 536 - 4066 m3∙t−1 for “Snowchaser”. “Snowchaser” flowered earlier than the other cultivars and, therefore, needed more water for frost protection. “Star”, on the other hand, ripened the latest among the cultivars and required little to no water for frost protection. Frost protection required a minimum of 30 m3∙h−1 of water per hectare and in addition to drip irrigation was a major component of the water footprint.

关键词： Blue Green and Grey Water Freeze Damage irrigation efficiency Microirrigation