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Variation and driving factors of nitrous oxide emissions from irrigated paddy field in the arid and semiarid region

International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2018年第3期6卷 245-252页

作者： Qingwen Zhang Hui Zhang Xingren Liu Aiping Zhang Meijia Xiao Zhengli Yang Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in AgricultureCAASBeijing100081China Ningxia Vocational and Technical College Yinchuan750002China

Agricultural pollution source as Nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from irrigated paddy field as affected by overuse of chemical fertilizer application and flooding irrigation is the primary anthropogenic source of nitrogen (N) losses in the Ningxia irrigation district. The emissions variation and driving factors of N2O emission in the large irrigation districts needs much more investigation. A static chamber-gas chromatograph method was conducted to quantify N losses from a paddy field in Lingwu Farm during 2009– 2010. Three nitrogen (N) treatments were conducted, including the conventional N application rate of 300 kg ha-1 (N300), the reducing N application rate of 240 kg ha-1 (N240) and control plot (N0). The N2O emissions due to combined effects of the fertilizer application and flood irrigation after winter dry follow was 2.86–3.27 kg ha-1 in N300. The flood irrigation at the beginning of the rice transplanting promotes N2O emissions due to nitrification–denitrification of a richer N source provided by the N fertilizer accumulation of soil NH4 + and NO3 -. During the rice growth stage when the paddy field was submerged, N2O emission was very low while intermittent irrigation before tillering and the maturation stages, frequent alteration of dry and wet soil condition enhance N2O emission. The reducing N fertilizer application improved the recovery rate in rice and resulted in a less N2O emission from irrigated paddy field in the arid and semiarid region while keeping the rice yield.

关键词： N2O emission irrigated paddy field Flood irrigation Anthropogenic-alluvial alkaline soil

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Optimal yield-related attributes of irrigated rice for high yield potential based on path analysis and stability analysis

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The Crop Journal 2014年第4期2卷 235-243页

作者： Ganghua Li Jun Zhang Congdang Yang Yunpan Song Chengyan Zheng Shaohua Wang Zhenghui Liu Yanfeng Ding Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture National Engineering and Technology Center for Information/Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China Nanjing Agricultural University Institute of Food Crop of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute of Crop Science Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Improvement of yield in rice(Oryza sativa L.) is vital for ensuring food security in China. Both rice breeders and growers need an improved understanding of the relationship between yield and yield-related traits. New indica cultivars(53 in 2007 and 48 in 2008) were grown in Taoyuan,Yunnan province, to identify important components contributing to yield. Additionally, two standard indica rice cultivars with similar yield potentials, II You 107(a large-panicle type) and Xieyou 107(a heavy-panicle type), were planted in Taoyuan, Yunnan province and Nanjing,Jiangsu province, from 2006 to 2008 to evaluate the stability of yield and yield-related *** duration(GD), leaf area index(LAI), panicles per m2(PN), and spikelets per m2(SM) were significantly and positively correlated with grain yield(GY) over all years. Sequential path analysis identified PN and panicle weight(PW) as important first-order traits that influenced grain yield. All direct effects were significant, as indicated by bootstrap analysis. Yield potential varied greatly across locations but not across years. Plant height(PH), days from heading to maturity(HM), and grain weight(GW) were stable traits that showed little variation across sites or years, whereas GD(mainly the pre-heading period, PHP) and PN varied significantly across locations. To achieve a yield of 15 t ha-1, a cultivar should have a PH of 110–125 cm, a long GD with HM of approximately 40 days, a PN of 300–400 m-2, and a GW of 29–31 mg.

关键词： irrigated rice Grain yield Yield-related attributes Sequential path analysis Stability analysis

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ANALYSES OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN irrigated AND NONirrigated AREA FOR LUMINOUS ENERGY UTILIZATION RATIO AND PRODUCTIVE POTENTIALITIES IN NINGXIA

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干旱区资源与环境 1993年第Z1期7卷 391-396页

作者： Sun Fulu Ningxia Center of Climatological Date

Situated in arid and semi-arid lands, the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is locatedat the middle reaches of the Yellow River. An adequate system of gravity irrigation was es-tablished in the north of Ningxia. Adding to abundant sunshine, strong solar radiation andmoderate heat, the agriculture is very developed. The south mountainous area of Ningxia, including both Yanchi and Tongxin counties,is short of rain, The vast lands cannot be irrigated. Nonirrigated agriculture and

关键词： irrigated Agriculture Rainfed Agriculture Luminous Energy Utilization Ratio Productive Potentials

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THE RATIONAL UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES IN irrigated AREA OF THE YELLOW RIVER IN NINGXIA

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干旱区资源与环境 1993年第Z1期7卷 192-196页

作者： Liu Baizhang Fang Wanjun Working Office of First Phase Daliushu Project, Department of Water Conservancy of Ningxia,China Division of Management of Tanglai Canal, Department of Water Conservancy of Ningxia, China

The paper describes the water resources in the irrigated area of Ningxia, China, andthe methods for improving the utilization of the water resources, and puts forward somesuggestions so as to utilize the water resourc... 详细信息

关键词： Ningxia irrigated Area by Yellow River Water Resources Ecologic Environment

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Groundwater recharge under irrigated agro-ecosystems in the North China Plain: From a critical zone perspective

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2019年第6期29卷 877-890页

作者： MIN Leilei QI Yongqing SHEN Yanjun WANG Ping WANG Shiqin LIU Meiying Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources Hebei Key Laboratory of Water-Saving AgricultureCenter for Agricultural Resources ResearchInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyCAS Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchCAS University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

From a critical zone perspective, the present paper aims to present the magnitude of groundwater recharge under different agricultural land-use types, reveal the process of water and solute transport in thick vadose zone, evaluate the "time lag" effect of recharge, and underscore the role of thickening vadose zone in recharge. The results indicated that different agricultural land-use types need to be further considered in recharge rate estimate. Under the typical irrigation condition in the piedmont plain, the recharge rate under flood irrigated winter wheat and summer maize(W/M_F), maize(M), non-cultivation(NC), native vegetation(NV), vegetables(V), and orchards(O) is 206.4, 149.7, 194.1, 46.4, 320.0, and 48.6 mm/yr, respectively. In the central plain, the value under W/M_F, M, NC, V, and cotton(C) is 92.8, 50.8, 85.0, 255.5, and 26.5 mm/yr, respectively. Soil water residence time(several years) and groundwater level response time(several months) should be distinguished to further understand the processes of groundwater recharge, because the soil water displacement velocities range from 0.2 to 2.2 m/yr while the rate of wetting front propagation is approximately 47 m/yr in the piedmont plain. The thickening vadose zone would prolong residence time of soil water and contaminant, which could postpone the time of or alleviate groundwater pollution, but have no significant influence on the magnitude of recharge in a long time scale. Recharge coefficient based on shorter time span(e.g. 2 or 3 years) should be used with caution as a parameter for groundwater resources evaluation, because it varies with total water input and target soil depth. Uncertainties in evapotranspiration and other water balance components should be evaluated in recharge estimation and the impact of land-use types on recharge should be emphasized. The critical zone science would greatly improve the understanding of groundwater recharge processes. The results of the present study will be helpful in

关键词： groundwater recharge critical zone irrigated agro-ecosystems North China Plain

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Participatory Evaluation of Productivity, Fertility Management, and Dissemination of irrigated Exotic Vegetables in the Sahel, West Africa

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Agricultural Sciences 2015年第10期6卷 1272-1282页

作者： Hide Omae Addam Kiari Saidou Kimio Osuga Haruyuki Dan Satoshi Tobita Tropical Agriculture Research Front (TARF) Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) Ishigaki Japan National Institute of Agronomic Research of Niger (INRAN) Niamey Niger Rural Development Division JIRCAS Tsukuba Japan Crop Livestock and Environment Division JIRCAS Tsukuba Japan

We conducted on-farm participatory experiments and activities for 3 years at three sites in the Fakara district of western Niger to demonstrate, verify, and evaluate crop productivity due to fertilizer application, economic benefits, and the dissemination of crop technology. We tested combinations of manure and mineral fertilizer on 13 exotic vegetables: bell pepper, cabbage, carrot, chili, eggplant, lettuce, melon, onion, potato, pumpkin, sweet potato, tomato, and zucchini. Farmers’ selectivity was evaluated as the number of plots that farmers selected to carry out their own trials. The application of 110 kg·N/ha manure plus 13.7 kg·N/ha mineral fertilizer increased overall vegetable yields by 161% (P < 0.01). The improvement of soil fertility increased the yield of subsequent rainfed millet by 124% (P < 0.05). Less-experienced female farmers could afford to grow cabbage, onion, lettuce, potato, and pumpkin, which yielded 4.8 - 11.4 t/ha fresh weight. Daily management by women in the vegetable gardens gave regular opportunities to chat and thus disseminate the technology.

关键词： Participatory Approach irrigated Vegetable Production Sahel

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Agronomic, Water Productivity and Economic Analysis of irrigated Rice under Different Nitrogen and Water Management Methods

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Agricultural Sciences 2019年第1期10卷 92-109页

作者： Abdulai Yakubu Joseph Ofori Christiana Amoatey Davie M. Kadyampakeni School of Graduate Studies University of Ghana Accra Ghana Soil and Irrigation Research Centre (SIREC) University of Ghana Ghana Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences University of Florida Gainesville USA

The most limiting factors for irrigated rice farming are water and nitrogen. Efficient water and nitrogen management has remained critical for sustainable rice production in irrigated rice farming system. Due to rapid global population growth and climate change, future rice production will depend heavily on developing strategies and practices that use water and nitrogen efficiently. The study therefore set to evaluate agronomic, water productivity and economic analysis of irrigated rice under various nitrogen and water management methods. To achieve the set objectives, field and pot experiments were carried out at the Soil and Irrigation Research Centre, University of Ghana, Kpong in 2015 and 2016 cropping season. The field experiment was laid in a split plot design with water management treatments as main plots and N fertilizer as subplot treatment. The pot experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with five replications. The water management treatments were;continuous submergence (SC), alternate wet and dry soil condition (AWD) and moist soil condition (MC). Nitrogen fertilizer rates were;no N fertilizer (N0), 60 kg N/ha (N1) and 90 kg N/ha (N2). Data such as yield and yield parameters of rice, water use, water productivity, costs and returns were recorded. Results obtained from both pot and field experiments revealed that rice yields were at par in AWD and SC but yields were lower in MC treatment. With N fertilizer, higher yields were observed with 90 kg N/ha. The interaction effect of submerged with 90 kg N/ha gave the highest grain yield. N fertilizer effect on water use and water productivity was ranked as N2 > N1 > N0 while water management effect on water use and water productivity was ranked in this order: SC > AWD > MC and MC > AWD > SC respectively.

关键词： irrigated Rice Nitrogen Water Management Yield Water Productivity

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Layering Precision Land Leveling and Furrow irrigated Raised Bed Planting: Productivity and Input Use Efficiency of irrigated Bread Wheat in Indo-Gangetic Plains

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2011年第4期2卷 578-588页

作者： M. L. Jat Raj Gupta Y. S. Saharawat Raj Khosla 不详

Stagnating yield and declining input use efficiency in irrigated wheat of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) coupled with diminishing availability of water for agriculture is a major concern of food security in South Asia. The objective of our study was to establish an understanding of how wheat yield and input use efficiency can be improved and how land leveling and crop establishment practices can be modified to be more efficient in water use through layering of precision-conservation crop management techniques. The “precision land leveling with raised bed” planting can be used to improve crop yield, water and nutrient use efficiency over the existing “traditional land leveling with flat” planting practices. We conducted a field experiment during 2002-2004 at Modipuram, India to quantify the benefits of alternate land leveling (precision land leveling) and crop establishment (furrow irrigated raised bed planting) techniques alone or in combination (layering precision-conservation) in terms of crop yield, water savings, and nutrient use efficiency of wheat production in IGP. The wheat yield was about 16.6% higher with nearly 50% less irrigation water with layering precision land leveling and raised bed planting compared to traditional practices (traditional land leveling with flat planting). The agronomic (AE) and uptake efficiency (UE) of N, P and K were significantly improved under precision land leveling with raised bed planting technique compared to other practices.

关键词： Precision Land Leveling Furrow irrigated Raised Bed Planting Input Use Efficiency irrigated Bread Wheat Water Productivity Uptake Efficiency Agronomic Efficiency

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Evaluation of Levels of Selected Heavy Metals in Kales, Soils and Water Collected from irrigated Farms along River Moiben, Uasin-Gishu County, Kenya

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2020年第2期8卷 144-155页

作者： Teresa Akenga Kiplagat Ayabei Emmy Kerich Vincent Sudoi Cyrus Kuya Office of the Vice Chancellor University of Eldoret Eldoret Kenya Department of Chemistry University of Eldoret Eldoret Kenya Directorate of Research and Innovation University of Eldoret Eldoret Kenya

There has been a rapidly increasing urbanization and industrialization as well as increased usage of agrochemicals in the recent few years which have resulted in accumulation of heavy metals in cultivated food, soils and water. This research aimed at establishing the levels of Zn2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Cr2+, Mn2+, Fe2+ and Pb2+ metal ions in kales, soil and irrigation water on farms along river Moiben. Twenty seven samples of vegetables, soil and water samples were collected using purposive sampling method, that is, the samples were collected from the households who had kales in their farms. Samples were then dried, grounded, digested and analyzed using Inductive Couple Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The results showed that the Fe had the highest mean in soil and water with the values of 250.22 ± 85.37 and 0.72 ± 0.33 mg/kg respectively, while in kales Zn value was highest with a value of 0.0154 ± 0.007 mg/kg. The metal ion concentrations in the soils and the irrigation water were higher than in kales. The concentrations on the metal ions were following this order Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd for soil as well as for water but for the kales sample it followed slightly different order Zn > Fe > Mn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd. In soil samples, metal ions concentrations (mg/kg) were found to be high compared to the levels in water and kales. ANOVA tests revealed that the mean difference in heavy metals concentration from different stations within the area was insignificant (p > 0.05) with an exception of Cd (p = 0.001) in water samples, Fe (p = 0.007) in kales samples, Zn (p = 0.016) and Cd (p = 0.011) in the samples of soil. Results were compared to the acceptable levels set by World Health Organization (WHO) and the study showed that for kales, concentrations of the metal ions were all lower than the (WHO) set standards. For water samples, Fe, Pb, Mn metal ions were above the WHO set standards. The presence of the investigated heavy metals in the samples could be

关键词： Heavy Metals Kales Soils and Water irrigated Farms

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The current status of nitrogen fertiliser use efficiency and future research directions for the Australian cotton industry

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Journal of Cotton Research 2018年第3期1卷 41-50页

作者： MACDONALD Ben C.T. LATIMER James O. SCHWENKE Graeme D. NACHIMUTHU Gunasekhar BAIRD Jonathan C. CSIRO Agriculture and Food The Fenner School of Environment and Society the Australian National University NSW Department of Primary Industries Tamworth Agricultural Institute NSW Department of Primary Industries Australian Cotton Research Institute

Fifty years of sustained investment in research and development has left the Australian cotton industry well placed to manage nitrogen（N） fertiliser. The average production in the Australian cotton industry today is greater than two tonnes of lint per hectare due to improved plant genetics and crop management. However, this average yield is well below the yield that would be expected from the amount of N fertiliser used. It is clear from the recent studies that across all growing regions, conversion of fertiliser N into lint is not uniformly occurring at application rates greater than 200-240 kg·hm;of N. This indicates that factors other than N availability are limiting yield, and that the observed nitrogen fertiliser use efficiency（NFUE） values may be caused by subsoil constraints such as sodicity and compaction. There is a need to investigate the impact of subsoil constraints on yield and *** in NFUE will be made through improved N fertiliser application timing, better targeting the amount of fertiliser applied for the expected yield, and improved soil N management. There is also a need to improve the ability and confidence of growers to estimate the contribution of soil N mineralisation to the crop N budget. Many Australian studies including data that could theoretically be collated in a meta-analysis suggest relative NFUE values as a function of irrigation technique; however, with the extensive list of uncontrolled variables and few studies using non-furrow irrigation, this would be a poor substitute for a single field-based study directly measuring their efficacies. In irrigated cotton, a re-examination of optimal NFUE is due because of the availability of new varieties and the potential management and long-term soil resilience implications of the continued removal of mineralised soil N suggested by high NFUE values. NFUE critical limits still need to be derived for dryland systems.

关键词： Nitrogen fertiliser Nitrogen use efficiency Dryland irrigated

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