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Establishment and industrial practice of high-temperature process evaluation system in sintering

Journal of iron and Steel Research International 2018年第9期25卷 910-922页

作者： Yuan-dong Pei Sheng-li Wu Xiao-jing Shao Zhi-xing Zhao Gang An Ze-jun Ma Wei-dong Zhang School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083 China Shougang Research Institute of Technology Beijing 100043China Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recyclable Process for iron and Steel Production Technology Beijing 100043 China Shougang Jingtang Integrated iron and Steel Co. Ltd.Tangshan 063200 Hebei China

The behaviors of typical iron ores at high temperature were observed by confocal scanning laser microscopy. Four critical temperature points and liquid flow velocity at high temperatures of iron ores were obtained and the temperature points contain temperature at which sample starts to shrink, temperature at which the initial liquid phase forms, temperature at which a lot of liquid forms and temperature at which liquid consolidation ends. Under the same CaO to Fe203 ratio, the liquid phase fluidity of iron ore fines of Carajas （IOC） is good. However, under the same basicity, as the content of SiO2 in IOC is low, the liquid phase fluidity of IOC is much smaller than that of Yandi fine. After analysis of the initial formation and development of the liquid phase and the final consolidation process, the high-temperature process evaluation system （HTPES for short） of iron ore was established. The idea of ＂dense ore matching fusible ore＂ instead of ＂relatively fusible ore＂ was proposed based on the results of HTPES and applied in ore matching of a sinter plant from Shougang Jingtang. The use of IOC （13-18%） instead of standard sintering fines （SSF） improved liquid phase fluidity and ensured the sinter quality. Furthermore, the use of IOC fine （18-23%） with Hainan fine （0-2%） instead of SSF, a mixture of hematite and Marra Mamba ore and concentrates guaranteed the quality of sinter ore through improving fluidity, in the meantime reducing ore matching costs. With the establishment and application of HTPES, the sinter plant has achieved good economic benefits under the premise of ensuring the quality of sinter ore.

关键词： Sinter iron ore In situ observation Fluidity Evaluation Industrial practice

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Migration of sulfur in in-situ gasification chemical looping combustion of Beisu coal with iron-and copper-based oxygen carriers

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2021年第7期34卷 247-255页

作者： Ming Luo Lunzheng Zhou Jianjun Cai Haiyan Zhang Chao Wang School of Energy and Power Engineering Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013China State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering Ningxia UniversityYinchuan 750021China School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Municipal Solid Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 518055China

Chemical looping combustion(CLC)is an energy conversion technology with high efficiency and inherent separation of CO_(2).The existence of sulfur in coal may affect the CO_(2) purity and the performance of oxygen carrier due to the interactions between sulfur contaminants and oxygen *** migration of sulfur in Beisu coal during the in-situ gasification chemical looping combustion(i G-CLC)process using two oxygen carriers(iron ore and Cu O/Si O_(2))was investigated *** thermodynamic analysis results showed the formation of metal sulfides was thermodynamically favored at low temperatures and low oxygen excess coefficients,while they were obviously inhibited and the production of SO_(2) was significantly promoted with an increase in temperature and oxygen excess ***,part of sulfur was captured and fixed in the forms of alkali/alkaline earth metal sulfate due to the high amount of alkali/alkaline earth metal oxides in the coal ash or/and oxygen *** experimental results showed that the sulfur in coal mainly released in the form of SO_(2),and the sulfur conversion efficiency(XS)in the reduction stage were 51.04%and 48.24%when using iron ore and Cu O/Si O_(2) *** existence of metal sulfides was observed in the reduced oxygen *** values of XSin the reoxidation process reached 3.80%and 7.64%when using iron ore and Cu O/Si O_(2) *** residue and accumulation of sulfur were also found on the surfaces of two oxygen carriers.

关键词： SO_(2) Coal iron ore Copper-based Chemical looping combustion

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Hematite reduction by hydrogen plasma:Where are we now?

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2022年第10期29卷 1932-1945页

作者： Kali Charan Sabat Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Maulana Azad National Institute of TechnologyBhopal462003Madhya PradeshIndia

Currently,iron is extracted from ores such as hematite by carbothermic *** extraction process includes several unit steps/processes that require large-scale equipment and significant financial ***,the extraction process produces a substantial amount of harmful carbon dioxide(CO_(2)).Alternative to carbothermic reduction is the reduction by hydrogen plasma(HP).HP is mainly composed of exciting species that facilitate hematite reduction by providing thermodynamic and kinetic advantages,even at low *** addition to these advantages,hematite reduction by HP produces water,which is environmentally *** report reviews the theory and practice of hematite reduction by ***,the present state of the art in solid-state and liquid-state hematite reduction by HP has been *** in-flight hematite reduction by HP has been identified as a potentially promising alternative to carbothermic ***,the in-flight reduction is still plagued with problems such as excessively high temperatures in thermal HP and considerable vacuum costs in non-thermal *** problems can be overcome by using non-thermal atmospheric HP that deviates significantly from local thermodynamic equilibrium.

关键词： hematite iron ore hematite reduction iron production hydrogen plasma non-thermal plasma thermodynamics kinetics

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Oxidation and Induration Characteristics of Pellets Made from Western Australian Ultrafine Magnetite Concentrates and Its Utilization Strategy

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Journal of iron and Steel Research International 2016年第9期23卷 924-932页

作者： Cong-cong YANG De-qing ZHU Jian PAN Bin-zhi ZHOU Hu XUN Department of Ferrous Metallurgy Central South University

Western Australian magnetite concentrates normally have ultrafine granularity and much higher specific surface areas than Chinese magnetite concentrates owing to the significant pre-grinding and beneficiation for saleable iron grade. Such characteristics will inevitably affect the subsequent pelletization process. However, very few investi- gations have been done before. Thus, the oxidation and induration characteristics of pellet made from a Western Aus- tralian ultrafine magnetite concentrate were revealed by conducting routine preheating-roasting tests in an electric tube furnace and investigating the microstructure of fired pellets under an optical microscope in comparison with that of pellets made from typical Chinese magnetite concentrate. The liquidus regions of CaO-SiO2-Fe2O3 and CaO-SiO2- Al2O3 ternary systems in air at various temperatures were calculated by FactSage software to explain the importance of liquid phase in the consolidation of fired pellets. The results show that pellet made from ultrafine magnetite con- centrate possesses better oxidability and preheating performance than that made from Chinese magnetite concentrate. However, it has inferior roasting performance, usually requiring conditions of roasting at 1280℃ for at least 30 rain to acquire sufficiently high compressive strength, which are attributed to higher temperature sensitivity caused by its smaller particle size and less formation of liquid phase because of low impurities like CaO and Al2O3 in raw materials. Correspondingly, its roasting performanee can be significantly improved by blending with Chinese magnetite concen- trates or increasing the pellet basicity （WCaO/WSiO2）. By comprehensive evaluation, blending with Chinese iron ore concentrates is an appropriate way to utilize Western Australia ultrafine magnetite concentrates.

关键词： oxidation induration characteristic ultrafine magnetite concentrate iron ore pellet metallurgical performance

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Improving the sintering performance of blends containing Canadian specularite concentrate by modifying the binding medium

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2018年第6期25卷 598-608页

作者： Feng Zhang De-qing Zhu Jian Pan Ya-ping Mo Zheng-qi Guo School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering Central South University Changsha 410083 China Investment Management Department of Wuhan iron and Steel Company Limited Wuhan 430083 China

Canadian specularite concentrate（CSC） possesses high total iron grade and low impurity content. However, due to the poor granulating performance and weak reactivity of CSC at high temperature, the proportion of CSC used in sintering blends is restricted. In this research, the effects of fine limonite, slake lime, and bentonite particles on the granulation performance of blends containing a high ratio of CSC were studied through granulation test. Based on the test results, the effects of modification of the binding medium on the sintering performance of blends containing a high ratio of CSC were revealed by the sintering pot test. Both the granulation property and sintering performance of blends with a high proportion of CSC were improved by modifying the binding medium.

关键词： iron ore binding medium specula^ite concentrate sintering performance

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Geological Characteristics and Zircon U-Pb Dating of Volcanic Rocks from the Beizhan iron Deposit in Western Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, NW China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2012年第3期86卷 737-747页

作者： ZHANG Zuoheng HONG Wei JIANG Zongsheng DUAN Shigang XU Lingang LI Fengming GUO Xincheng ZHAO Zhengang MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment Institute of Mineral ResourcesChinese Academy of Geological SciencesBeijing 100037China Faculty of Geosciences and Resources China University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China The Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Development of Xinjiang Oriimqi 830000China No.11 Unit of the Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Development of Xinjiang Changji 831100China

The Beizhan large iron deposit located in the east part of the Awulale metallogenic belt in the western Tianshan Mountains is hosted in the Unit 2 of the Dahalajunshan Formation as lens, veinlets and stratoid, and both of the hanging wall and footwall are quartz-monzonite; the dip is to the north with thick and high-grade ore bodies downwards. ore minerals are mainly magnetite with minor sulfides, such as pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite. Skarnization is widespread around the ore bodies, and garnet, diopside, wollastonite, actinolite, epidote, uralite, tourmaline sericite and calcite are ubiquitous as gangues. Radiating outwards from the center of the ore body the deposit can be classified into skarn, calcite, serpentinite and marble zones. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of the rhyolite and dacite from the Dahalajunshan Formation indicates that they were formed at 301.3±0.8 Ma and 303.7±0.9 Ma, respectively, which might have been related to the continental arc magmatism during the late stage of subduction in the western Tianshan Mountains. iron formation is genetically related with volcanic eruption during this interval. The Dahalajunshan Formation and the quartz-monzonite intrusion jointly control the distribution of ore bodies. Both ore textures and wall rock alteration indicate that the Beizhan iron deposit is probably skarn type.

关键词： iron ore Zircon U-Pb dating skarnization Beizhan Western Tianshan Mountains

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Shift From Coke to Coal Using Direct Reduction Method and Challenges

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Journal of iron and Steel Research International 2009年第2期16卷 1-5页

作者： Okonkwo Paul Chukwuleke CAI Jiu-ju Sam Chukwujekwu XIAO Song Deakin University Geelong Campus Waurn Ponds Vic 3217 Australia Metallurgy Northeastern University Shenyang 110004 Liaoning China School of Material Anambra State'University Uli 999062 Anambra State Nigeria Mechanical Engineering Department Anambra State'University Uli 999062 Anambra State Nigeria

ironmaking involves the separation of iron ores. It not only represents the first step in steelmaking but also is the most capital-intensive and energy-intensive process in the production of steel. The main route for producing iron for steelmaking is to use the blast furnace, which uses metallurgical coke as the reductant. Concerns over the limited resources, the high cost of coking coals, and the environmental impacts of coking and sinter plants have driven steelmakers to develop alternative ironmaking processes that can use non-coking coals to reduce iron ores directly. Since the efficiency and productivity of modern large capacity blast furnaces will be difficult to surpass, blast furnaces will continue to retain their predominant position as the foremost ironmaking process for some time to come. The alternative ironmaking processes are therefore expected to play an increasingly significant role in the iron and steel industry, especially in meeting the needs of small-sized local and regional markets. It is likely that the importance of direct reduced iron （DRI） and hot metal as sources of virgin iron will continue to increase, especially in the developing countries where steelmaking is, and will be, primarily based on electric arc furnace （EAF） minimills. Consequently, the challenges that are faced by the new technology have to be embraced.

关键词： iron-bearing material coke flux coal blast furnace sintering iron ore

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Geology and mineralization of the Bayan Obo supergiant carbonatite-type REE-Nb-Fe deposit in Inner Mongolia, China: A review

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China Geology 2023年第4期6卷 716-750,I0004,I0005页

作者： Yi-ke Li Chang-hui Ke Hong-quan She Deng-hong Wang Cheng Xu An-jian Wang Rui-ping Li Zi-dong Peng Ze-ying Zhu Kui-feng Yang Wei Chen Jian-wei Zi Wen-lei Song Yong-gang Zhao Li Zhang Hong Yu Bin Guo Sheng-quan Zhou Xing-yu Yuan Jing-yao Liu MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment Institute of Mineral ResourcesChinese Academy of Geological SciencesBeijing 100037China Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution School of Earth and Space SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China John de Laeter Centre Curtin UniversityBentleyWA 6102Australia State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics Department of GeologyNorthwest UniversityXi’an 710069China Bayan Obo iron Mine Baotou Steel(Group)Co.Ltd.Inner MongoliaBaotou 014080China

The Bayan Obo supergiant carbonatite-related rare-earth-element-niobium-iron(REE-Nb-Fe) endogenetic deposit(thereafter as the Bayan Obo deposit), located at 150 km north of Baotou City in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is the largest rare-earth element(REE) resource in the world. Tectonically,this deposit is situated on the northern margin of the North China Craton and adjacent to the Xing’anMongolian orogenic belt to the south. The main strata within the mining area include the Neoarchean Se’ertengshan Group and the Mesoproterozoic Bayan Obo Group. Generally, the rare earth, niobium, and iron mineralization within the deposit are intrinsically related to the dolomite carbonatites and the extensive alteration of the country rocks caused by the carbonatite magma intrusion. The alteration of country rocks can be categorized into three types: contact metasomatism(anti-skarn and skarn alteration), fenitization,and hornfelsic alternation. As indicated by previous studies and summarized in this review, the multielement mineralization at Bayan Obo is closely associated with the metasomatic replacement of siliceous country rocks by carbonatite magmatic-hydrothermal fluids. The metasomatic process is comparable to the conventional skarnification that formed due to the intrusion of intermediate-acid magmatic rocks into limestone strata. However, the migration pattern of Si O2, Ca O, and Mg O in this novel metasomatic process is opposite to the skarn alteration. Accordingly, this review delineates, for the first time, an antiskarn metallogenic model for the Bayan Obo deposit, revealing the enigmatic relationship between the carbonatite magmatic-hydrothermal processes and the related iron and rare earth ***, this study also contributes to a better understanding of the REE-Nd-Fe metallogenetic processes and the related fluorite mineralization at the Bayan Obo deposit.

关键词： Rare earth elements Niobium ore iron ore Fluorite ore Igneous carbonatite Fenitization Metasomatism Anti-skarn Bayan Obo

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Petrographic Characteristics and Metalogeny of Zatua Hills BIFs, Haut-Uele Province (DR Congo)

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2023年第12期11卷 163-181页

作者： Levesque Makuku Mbo Papy-Fidèle Kombie Andeibal François Tshiabo Luwanda Dominique Wetshondo Osomba Valentin Kanda Nkula Albert Ongendangenda Tienge Department of Geosciences Faculty of Science and Technology University of Kinshasa Kinshasa XI DR Congo Geological and Mining Research Center (CRGM) Kinshasa DR Congo Faculty of Oil Gas and Renewable Energies University of Kinshasa Kinshasa XI DR Congo Kinshasa DR Congo

Zatua Hills are located at Haut Uélé Province of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), between northern Bafwasende and southern Paulis (Isiro) Squarred Degrees. Belonging to greenstone belt of Ngayu, that area is identified by the high elevated zone which is remained the witness of stable zone, not affected by the ancienst erosion process. Zatua Hills are in the superior Kibalian formation dated to Neoarchaen, hosted in Upper Congo Granites Massifs of DRC covering a large central zone of NE of DRC, and consisting to dolerite, phyllade, clay rich sediment, poor Banded iron Formations (BIFs), enriched BIFs, friable hematite, hard hematite, mineralized and unmineralized brechias. Magnetite, martite and hematite are associated to some secondary minerals such as goethite, gibbsite, kaolinite, strengite, variscite and others clay minerals present in BIFs. Petrographic analysis made from the samples collected in situ showed, as well as BIFs and iron ore associated, that magnetite was much abundant oxide mineral which is oxided to martite before to stabilize to hematite during the deposition time. Having about hundred meters of thickness, the rich iron ore of this area content, in the majority less deleterious elements which, are harmful in metallurgic process of iron. These secondary minerals were precipitated at various degrees in the leached cavities of rocks between martite and hematite aggregates to botryoidal texture and, are rich to Al, and are mainly consisting to gibbsite and solid solution series of variscite-strengite (AlPO4·2H2O and FePO4·2H2O). Low degree of metamorphism played when magnetite was converted to martite, with the presence of variscite and anatase like witnesses of this event in which, martite was crystalized to hematite.

关键词： BIFs Zatua Hills Petrographic DRC iron ore

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Geological Specimens, Minerals, and Actions Affecting Polar Shift and Earth’s Magnetic Field

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International Journal of Geosciences 2022年第10期13卷 875-881页

作者： Shreyas Banaji Flint Hill School NASA/VESS Program Oakton VA USA

This study will touch upon Earth’s magnetic field, the four spheres, and their relationship with polar shift influenced by the magnetization of the interior and surface areas. It will outline how certain aspects within the spheres are influenced by magnetization of minerals and localized rock, how such can be contained deep within Earth’s mantle areas, as well as how mining deposits of iron ore can affect other spheres and systems. It will also entail a brief explanation of geological research concerning the Pacific Ocean floor, as well as a discussion on the magnetization of minerals retaining their properties at extremely high temperatures within Earth’s interior. There will be explanations of how various spheres interact with each other, but it should be noted that while some findings here might seem unsubstantiated, any analysis of Earth’s interior and exterior, the magnetic field, polar shift, and its contagion effect upon living organisms, is still, somewhat, in its initial research stages, and is, at times, left to hypotheses concerning anomalous indications. This study is not conclusive. It has, at best, pieced together areas of relevance. Concluded here is that each event affects polar shift. How this has been affected by magnetization is not completely, at this time, understood. Furthermore, this report in no way promotes the “doomsday scenario”, prolific, fairly recently, within some of the scientific literature on this subject, particularly in Europe. This paper closely adheres to the most modern theories, and will try, at best, to leave speculation to science fiction writers.

关键词： Polar Shift Magnetic Field Atmosphere Lithosphere Hydrosphere Biosphere iron ore Hematite Magnetite

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