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Modelling of graded index waveguide fabricated by ion exchange on Er^(3+) doped glass

Chinese Physics B 2009年第3期18卷 1096-1104页

作者：邵公望金国良 Department of Physics Shanghai Jiao Tong University

A general numerical tool, based on thermal diffusion equation and full-vectorial eigen-mode equation, has been presented for the systematic analysis of graded index channel waveguide fabricated by ion exchange on Er^3＋ doped glass. Finite difference method with full-vectorial formulation （FV-FDM） is applied to solving the full-vectorial modes of graded index channel waveguide for the first time. The coupled difference equations based on magnetic fields in FV-FDM are derived from the Taylor series expansion and accurate formulation of boundary conditions. Hybrid nature of vectorial guided modes for both pump （980 nm） and signal light （1550 nm） are demonstrated by the simulation. Results show that the fabrication parameters of ion exchange, such as channel opening width and time ratio of second step to first step in ion exchange, have large influence on the properties of waveguide. By optimizing the fabrication parameters, maintenance of monomode for signal light and improvement of the gain dynamics can be achieved in Er^3＋ doped waveguide amplifier （EDWA） fabricated by ion exchange technique. This theoretical model is significant for the design and fabrication of EDWA with ion exchange technique. Furthermore, a single polarization EDWA, which operates at wavelength from 1528 nm to 1541 nm for HE polarization, is numerically designed.

关键词： graded index channel waveguide finite difference method full-vectorial mode ion exchange technique

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The curve of ion exchange ratio(%)-pH of the interaction between suspended particles with Cd(Ⅱ) in the Yellow River

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 1998年第2期10卷 125-129页

作者： Yang Hong wei, Jiao Xiao bao, Guo Bo shu Institute of Environmental Chemistry, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhhot 010022,China Yang Yu ying Department of Chemistry, Inner Mongolia Teachers College for Nationalities, China Song Zhi xi

The curve of ion exchange ratio(%) pH of the interaction between suspended particles with Cd(II) in the Yellow River was studied. The effects of lysine on this curve have been also investigated. The results showed that (1) Cadmium in Cd(OH) + form in the suspended particles exchanges with the cations. The exchange ratio of Cd 2+ is nearly at its greatest value in the range of pH (8.0—8.5) in natural aquatic system; (2) ion exchange ratio decreases as the concentration of Cd 2+ raises from 8.9×10 -6 mol/L to 2×8.9×10 -6 mol/L; (3) At the lysine concentration of 6 8×10 -6 mol/L, it can promote the ion exchange ratio; (4) Adsorption of the suspended particles to cadmium is weaker in seawater and Jin Sha River than in the Yellow River.

关键词： liquid solid interaction cadmium ion exchange technique suspended particles Yellow River. 

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