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Gridded inventories of historical usage for selected organochlorine pesticides in Heilongjiang River Basin, China

Journal of Environmental Sciences 2006年第4期18卷 822-826页

作者： LIU Li-yan JIANG An-xi REN Nan-qi JIANG Gui-bin LI Yi-fan School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering ＇Harbin Institute of Technology Harhin 150090 China Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China Atmospheric Environment Service Environment Canada Downsview Ontario Canada

The use of technical HCH （1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-hexachlorocyclohexane）, DDT （dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane） and lindane in Heilongjiang River Basin （HRB） of China was studied. Between 1952 and 1984 the total usage in the HRB was 108900 t for technical HCH, and 4900 t for DDT, respectively, and the use of DDT due to dicofol application in the HRB was 220 t from 1984 to 2003. The usage of lindane in HRB was 109 t from 1991 to 2000. The results show that the highest technical HCH use （41800 t） in HRB was on maize, accounting for 38.3% of the total usage on all crops, followed by the use on wheat （28000 t, 25.7%） and on soybean （26600 t, 24.4%）. The highest DDT use （2300 t） was on soybean, accounting for 46.8% of the total usage on all crops, followed by the use on maize （1500 t, 31.3%） and on sorghum （600 t, 13.2%）. The major use of lindane was mainly on wheat. Gridded usage inventories of these three OCPs （organochlorine pesticides）, in HRB with a 1/6° latitude by 1/4° longitude resolution have been created by using different gridded cropland as surrogates. Some soil samples have also been collected in HRB. Data of usage and soil concentrations of 5： HCH in HRB match quite well to those in Shanghai region, and much higher soil concentration of 5： DDT in Shanghai region could be due to much heavier dicofol use in this region.

关键词： persistent organic pollutants (POPs) organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) DDT HCH lindane inventories Heilongjiang River Basin

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Gridded usage inventories of chlordane in China

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2013年第1期7卷 10-18页

作者： Qiang WANG Lijuan ZHAO Xuekun FANG Jianhua XU Yifan LI Yehong SHI Jianxin HU State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China

Chlordane (1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-3a,4,7, 7a-tetra-hydro-4,7-methanoindane) is one of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) which has been listed as one of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to be reduced and finally eliminated in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, because of its great persistence, toxicity, bio-accumulation and long-range transport potential. It is critical to create a national chlordane usage inventories for China to compile chlordane emission inventories, which is helpful for carrying out risk assessments and other researches related to chlordane in China. The annual data of chlordane usage was calculated and modified in accordance with the reported annual production of chlordane which was caculated on the basis of the termite distribution, the data of chlordane usage rate and the annual new construction area (NCA).With the help of Geographic Information System, the usage data of this NCA were allocated to a grid system then, with a 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution and a size for each grid cell of approximately 25 km by 25 km. Between 1988 and 2008, the total usage of chlordane in China was 2745 t, accounting for approximately 80% of the production in the same period. Zhejiang Province was the largest consumer of chlordane in China, whose usage adds up to 980 t, greatly exceeding other provinces/regions, followed by Jiangsu Province (534 t) and Sichuan Province (428 t). The region with the least usage of chlordane was Beijing. Provinces of Guizhou, Henan and Hebei did not use any chlordane, even though termites had occurred in these provinces. Gridded usage inventories showed that the intensive use of chlordane was concentrated in the southeast part of China, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta in particular. The satisfaction of the inventories was supported by the consistence between the estimated data of annual usage and the reported annual production of chlordane, and by the consistence between dist

关键词： chlordane inventories termites China new construction area (NCA)

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Price Dynamics of the World Gold Market： A Model Incorporating inventories

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Chinese Business Review 2012年第5期11卷 425-433页

作者： Lyman Mlambo University of Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe

Gold is regarded as a strategic mineral in many countries and its price is a key indicator of global business confidence. There is need for dynamic modelling of the world gold market, which would enhance understanding of the world market conditions, especially the long-term tendency of world gold prices, and hence facilitate long-term planning. This study incorporates inventories into the world market model and uses simultaneous equation approaches to estimate the model. From this estimation, the paper derives the time-path for the world annual price of gold. Results show that the price time-path converges without oscillations, from below, towards an intertemporal equilibrium. This equilibrium is estimated at about US$105,000.00 per kilogram based on a projected average world income. If the assumption of average income is relaxed, the intertemporal equilibrium price becomes variable dependent on the actual values of world income at a given time, which however, does not alter its dynamic characteristics. The results, therefore, show that gold price is dynamically stable. Short-term fluctuations, which are sometimes extreme, have no long-term effect on gold attractiveness.

关键词： world gold prices inventories dynamic stability

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Endosulfan in the Chinese environment： monitoring and modeling

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2012年第1期6卷 32-44页

作者： Hongliang JIA Liyan LIU Yeqing SUN Daoji CAI Jianxin HU Nanqi REN Yifan LI International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances(IJRC-PTS) Dalian Maritime UniversityDalian 116026China IJRC-PTS State Key Laboratory for Urban Resources and EnvironmentHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150090China Environmental System Biology Institute Dalian Maritime UniversityDalian 116026China Nanjing Instituteof Environmental Science Nanjing 210042China College of Environmental Science Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China IJRC-PTS Ryerson UniversityToronto M5B 2K3Canada

This paper reviews the usage and emissions of endosulfan, the newest member of the persistent organic pollutants （POPs）, in China, and its fate and behavior in Chinese environment. Endosulfan usage in China has been estimated to be approximately 25700 t between 1994 and 2004. Concentrations of endosulfan in different environ- mental compartments in China, such as air, soil, water, and biota, but focusing at air and surface soil, have been summarized. Concentrations of total endosulfan in surface soil across China were ranged from below detection limit （BDL） to 19000 pg.g^-1 dry weight （dw）, with geometric mean of 120pg.g^-1dw. The results indicated that endo- sulfan sulfate had highest concentration in Chinese soil, followed by r- and α-endosulfan. Air concentrations of endosulfan in China were ranged 0-340 pg.m3 for a- endosulfan and 0-121 pg. m--3 for β-endosulfan, with high concentrations occurred in the cotton production areas. Gridded usage inventories of endosulfan on a fine gridded system with a 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution were compiled, from which, emission to air and residues in soil of endosulfan were calculated in each grid by using a modified simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model （SGPERM）, an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. Total emissions were around 10800 t from 1994 to 2004. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of α- and β- endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell, which are in general consistent with the published monitoring data.

关键词： endosulfan monitoring modeling inventories persistent organic pollutants persistent organicpollutants (POPs)

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Truth and consequences:the bioinvasion of the Mediterranean Sea

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Integrative Zoology 2012年第3期7卷 299-311页

作者： Bella Sarah GALIL National Institute of Oceanography Israel Oceanographic and Limnological ResearchHaifaIsrael

Over 660 alien marine multicellular species have been recorded in the Mediterranean Sea,with many establishing viable populations and subsequently dispersing from their points of entry.A brief overview is presented of the current state of knowledge of bioinvasions in the Mediterranean Sea,with particular attention paid to gelatinous invasive species.A database of alien species records was used to characterize their identity,pattern of expansion and native region,and to discuss the relative importance of different taxa and vectors in the various regions of the *** temporal and spatial spread of 4 alien scyphozoans and 2 alien ctenophores is *** thermophilic species constitute the majority of Mediterranean aliens,Erythrean aliens are predominant in the east,with shipping and mariculture being mainly responsible for introductions in the *** propagule pressure driving the Erythrean invasion is powerful in the establishment and spread of alien species in the eastern *** implications of the enlargement of the Suez Canal,reflecting patterns in global trade and economy,are briefly ***,as alien species inventories play a pivotal role in informing regional policy and management decisions and identifying resource priorities,the scientific community is called upon to pay particular attention to their accuracy and veracity.

关键词： alien gelatinous inventories Mediterranean Sea trends vectors

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The Spatial Distribution and Attribute Parameter Statistics of Landslides Triggered by the May 12th,2008,MW7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake

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Earthquake Research in China 2020年第1期34卷 29-49页

作者： DU Peng XU Yueren TIAN Qinjian ZHANG Weiheng LIU Shuang Key Laboratory of Earthquake Prediction Institute of Earthquake ForecastingChina Earthquake AdministrationBeijing 100036China Heilongjiang Earthquake Agency Harbin 150090China

A complete landslide inventory and attribute database is the importantly fundamental for the study of the earthquake-induced *** landslides were triggered by the MW7.9 Wenchuan earthquake on May 12th,*** Earth images of preand post-earthquakes show that 52194 co-seismic landslides were recognized and mapped,with a total landslides area of 1021 *** on the statistics,we assigned all landslide parameters and established the co-seismic landslides database,which includes area,length,and width of landslides,elevation of the scarp top and foot edge,and the top and bottom elevations of each located ***,the spatial distribution and the above attribute parameters of landslides were *** results show that the spatial distribution of the co-seismic landslides is extremely *** landslides that mainly occur in a rectangular area(a width of 30 km of the hanging wall of the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault and a length of 120 km between Yingxiu and Beichuan)are obviously controlled by surface rupture,terrain,and peak ground ***,a large number of small landslides(individual landslide area less than 10000 m2)contribute less to the total landslides *** number of landslides larger than 10000 m2 accounts for 38.7%of the total number of co-seismic landslides,while the area of those landslides account for 88%of the total landslides *** 52194 co-seismic landslides are caused by bedrock collapse that usually consists of three parts:source area,transport area,and accumulation ***,based on the area-volume power-law relationship,the resulting regional landslide volume may be much larger than the true landslide volume if the landslide volume is calculated using the influenced area from each landslide.

关键词： Wenchuan MW7.9 earthquake Earthquake-induced landslide inventories database Landslide parameters Landslide area

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Carbon emissions and sinks in agro-ecosystems of China

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2002年第z1期45卷 30-39页

作者：林而达李月娥郭李萍 Agrometeorology Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Besides ruminant animals and their wastes, soil is an important regula ting medium in carbon cycling. The soil can be both a contributor to climate cha nge and a recipient of impacts. In the past, land cultivation has generally resu lted in considerable depletion of soil organic matter and the release of greenho use gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere. The observation in the North-South Transec t of Eastern China showed that climate change and land use strongly impact all s oil processes and GHG exchanges between the soil and the atmosphere. Soil manage ment can restore organic carbon by enhancing soil structure and fertility and by doing so mitigating the negative impacts of atmospheric greenhouses on climate. A wide estimation carried out in China shows that carbon sequestration potentia l is about 77.2 MMt C/a (ranging from 26.1—128.3 MMt C/a) using proposed IPCC a ctivities during the next fifty years.

关键词： carbon exchange, GHG emissions and removal sinks, North-South Transect, national GHG inventories

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Biogenic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds by Urban Forests

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Chinese Forestry Science and Technology 2005年第1期4卷 20-26页

作者： CENTRITTOMauro LIUShirong LORETOFrancesco ConsiglioNazionaledelleRicerche IstitutoInquinamentoAtmosfericoviaSalariaKm29.300.00016MonterotondoScalo（RM）Italy InstituteofForestEcology EnvironmentandProtectionChineseAcademyofForestryBeiiing100091P.R.China ConsiglioNazionaledelleRicerche lstitutodiBiologiaAgroambientaleForestaleviaSalariaKm29.30000016

All plants emit a wide range of volatile compounds, the so-called biogenic volatile organic compounds(BVOC). BVOC emissions have received increased scientific attention in the last two decades because theymay profoundly influence the chemical and physical properties of the atmosphere, and may modulate planttolerance to heat, pollutants, oxidative stress and abiotic stresses, and affect plant-plant and plant-insectinteractions. Urban forestry may have a high impact on atmospheric composition, air quality, environment,and quality of life in urban areas. However, few studies have been carried out where the emission of BVOCcould have important consequence for the quality of air and contribute to pollution episodes. A screening ofBVOC emission by the mixed stand constituting urban forests is therefore required if emissions are to bereliably predicted. Monitoring the emission rates simultaneously with measurements of air quality, plantphysiology and micrometeorology on selected urban forests, will allow detailed quantitative information onthe inventory of BVOC emissions by urban vegetation to be compiled. This information will make itpossible to propose an innovative management of urban vegetation in cities characterised by heavy emissionsof anthropogenic pollutants, aiming at the abatement of BVOC emissions through the introduction or selectionof non-BVOC emitting species in urban areas subjected to pollution episodes and in the new afforestationareas covering peri-urban parks, green belts and green corridors between peri-urban rural areas and theconurbations.

关键词： BVOC emissions inventories isoprenoids ozone photochemical smog urban trees

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Optimizing Forest Sampling by Using Lagrange Multipliers

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American Journal of Operations Research 2012年第1期2卷 94-99页

作者： Kyriaki Kitikidou Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources Democritus University of Thrace Orestiada Greece

In two-phase sampling, or double sampling, from a population with size N we take one, relatively large, sample size n. From this relatively large sample we take a small sub-sample size m, which usually costs more per sample unit than the first one. In double sampling with regression estimators, the sample of the first phase n is used for the estimation of the average of an auxiliary variable X, which should be strongly related to the main variable Y (which is estimated from the sub-sample m). Sampling optimization can be achieved by minimizing cost C with fixed var Y, or by finding a minimum var Y for fixed C. In this paper we optimize sampling with use of Lagrange multipliers, either by minimizing variance of Y and having predetermined cost, or by minimizing cost and having predetermined variance of Y.

关键词： Forest inventories Lagrange Multipliers Optimization Sampling

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Two Contemporary and Efficient Two-Stage Sampling Methods for Estimating the Volume of Forest Stands: A Brief Overview and Unified Mathematical Description

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Open Journal of Forestry 2019年第3期9卷 241-254页

作者： Aristeidis Georgakis Georgios Stamatellos Laboratory of Forest Biometrics School of Forestry and Natural Environment Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece

Big Basal Area Factor (Big BAF) and Point-3P are two-stage sampling methods. In the first stage the sampling units, in both methods, are Bitterlich points where the selection of the trees is proportional to their basal area. In the second stage, sampling units are trees which are a subset of the first stage trees. In the Big BAF method, the probability of selecting trees in the second stage is made proportional to the two BAFs’ ratio, with a basal area factor larger than that of the first stage. In the Point-3P method the probability of selecting trees, in the second stage, is based on the height prediction and use of a specific random number table. Estimates of the forest stands’ volume and their sampling errors are based on the theory of the product of two random variables. The increasing error in the second stage is small, but the total cost of measuring the trees is much smaller than simply using the first stage, with all the trees measured. In general, the two sampling methods are modern and cost-effective approaches that can be applied in forest stand inventories for forest management purposes and are receiving the growing interest of researchers in the current decade.

关键词： Big BAF Point-3P Cost-Effective Sampling Forest inventories

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