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The evolutionary development of plant-feeding insects and their nutritional endosymbionts

insect Science 2017年第6期24卷 910-928页

作者： Isabel H. Skidmore Allison K. Hansen Department of Entomology University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Ilfinois USA

Herbivorous insects have evolved diverse mechanisms enabling them to feed on plants with suboptimal nutrient availability. Low nutrient availability negatively impacts insect herbivore development and fitness. To overcome this obstacle numerous insect lineages have evolved intimate associations with nutritional endosymbionts. This is especially true for insects that specialize on nitrogen-poor substrates, as these insects are highly dependent on intraceUular symbionts to provide nitrogen lacking in their insect host＇s diet. Emerging evidence in these systems suggest that the symbiont＇s and/or the insect＇s biosynthetic pathways are dynamically regulated throughout the insect＇s development to potentially cope with the insect＇s changing nutritional demands. In this review, we evaluate the evolutionary development of symbiotic insect cells （bacteriocytes） by comparing and contrasting genes and mechanisms involved in maintaining and regulating the nutritional symbiosis throughout insect development in a diversity of insect herbivore-endosymbiont associations. With new advances in genome sequencing and functional genomics, we eval- uate to what extent nutritional symbioses are shaped by （i） the regulation of symbiont titer, （ii） the regulation of insect symbiosis genes, and （iii） the regulation of symbiont genes. We discuss how important these mechanisms are for the biosynthesis of essential amino acids and vitamins across insect life stages in divergent insect-symbiont systems. We conclude by suggesting future directions of research to further elucidate the evolutionary development of bacteriocytes and the impact of these nutritional symbioses on insect plant interactions.

关键词： development evolutionary insect herbivores plant-insect microbe interactions symbiosis

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JA but not JA-Ile is the cell-nonautonomous signal activating JA mediated systemic defenses to herbivory in Nicotiana attenuata

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2017年第8期59卷 552-571页

作者： Tobit A. Bozorov Son Truong Dinh Ian T. Baldwin Department of Molecular Ecology Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans-Knoll-Str.8D-07745JenaGermany Institute of Genetics and Plants Experimental Biology Uzbek Academy of SciencesYukori-Yuz111226KibrayTashkent RegionUzbekistan Department of Plant Biotechnology Faculty of Biotechnology-Vietnam National University of AgricultureNgo Xuan Quang Street100000HanoiVietnam

The whole-plant activation of defense responses to wounding and herbivory requires systemic signaling in which jasmonates （JAs） play a pivotal role. To examine the nature of the slower cell-nonautonomous as compared to the rapid cell-autonomous signal in mediating systemic defenses in Nicotiana attenuata, reciprocal stem graftingexperiments were used with plants silenced for the JA biosynthetic gene ALLENE OXIDE CYCLASE （irAOC） or plants transformed to create JA sinks by ectopicalIy expressing Arabidopsis JA-O-methyltransferase （ovJMT）. JA-impaired irAOC plants were defective in the cell-nonautonomous signaling pathway but not in JA transport. Conversely, ovJMT plants abrogated the production of a graft-transmissible JA signal. Both genotypes displayed unaltered cell-autonomous signaling. Defense responses （17-hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycosides, nicotine, and proteinase inhibitors） and metabolite profiles were differently induced in irAOC and ovJMT scions in response to graft-transmissible signals from elicited wild type stocks. The performance of Manduca sexta larvae on the scions of different graft combinations was consistent with the patterns of systemic defense metabolite elicitations. Taken together, we conclude that JA and possibly MeJA, but not JA-lle, either directly functions as a long-distance transmissible signal or indirectly interacts with long distance signal（s） to activate systemic defense responses.

关键词： JASMONIC ACID PLANT-RESPONSES METHYL JASMONATE GENE-EXPRESSION WOUND RESPONSE PROTEINASE-INHIBITORS DITERPENE GLYCOSIDES PROTEASE INHIBITORS insect herbivores INDUCED INCREASES

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