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Environmental determinants of access to shared sanitation in informal settlements:a cross-sectional study in Abidjan and Nairobi

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2023年第2期12卷 132-132页

作者： Vitor Pessoa Colombo Jérôme Chenal Fred Orina Hellen Meme Jeanne d’Arc Amoin Koffi Brama Koné Jürg Utzinger École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique Ben Guerir Morocco Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi Kenya Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire Abidjan Côte d’Ivoire Université Péléforo Gon Coulibaly Korhogo Côte d’Ivoire Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Allschwil Switzerland University of Basel Basel Switzerland

Background Universal access to basic sanitation remains a global challenge,particularly in low-and middle-income *** are underway to improve access to sanitation in informal settlements,often through shared ***,access to these facilities and their potential health gains—notably,the prevention of diarrheal diseases—may be hampered by contextual aspects related to the physical *** study explored associations between the built environment and perceived safety to access toilets,and associations between the latter and diarrheal *** A cross-sectional study was carried out between July 2021 and February 2022,including 1714 households in two informal settlements in Abidjan(Côte d’Ivoire)and two in Nairobi(Kenya).We employed adjusted odds ratios(aORs)obtained from multiple logistic regressions(MLRs)to test whether the location of the most frequently used toilet was associated with a perceived lack of safety to use the facility at any time,and whether this perceived insecurity was associated with a higher risk of *** MLRs included several exposure and control variables,being stratified by city and age *** employed bivariate logistic regressions to test whether the perceived insecurity was associated with settlement morphology indicators derived from the built *** Using a toilet outside the premises was associated with a perceived insecurity both in Abidjan[aOR=3.14,95%confidence interval(CI):1.13–8.70]and in Nairobi(aOR=57.97,95%CI:35.93–93.53).Perceived insecurity to access toilets was associated with diarrheal infections in the general population(aOR=1.90,95%CI:1.29–2.79 in Abidjan,aOR=1.69,95%CI:1.22–2.34 in Nairobi),but not in children below the age of 5 *** settlement morphology features were associated with perceived insecurity,namely,buildings’compactness,the proportion of occupied land,and angular deviation between neighboring *** Toilet location was a

关键词： Diarrhea informal settlements Safety Sanitation Urban morphology Abidjan Africa Côte d’Ivoire Kenya Nairobi

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Impact of urban upgrading on perceptions of safety in informal settlements： Case study of Bouakal, Batna

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Frontiers of Architectural Research 2013年第4期2卷 400-408页

作者： Farida Naceur Department of Architecture University of Batna Batna 05000 Algeria

This paper explores how modifications of urban space in informal settlements influence residents＇ quality of life and perceptions of safety. This is a case study of Bouakal, the oldest informal district in Batna, a middle city in Algeria. This paper examines the effects of urban improvement practices in Bouakal by exploring two questions： In what ways did interventions in this informal settlement affect the quality of life for the residents？ How do these effects correlate with changes in the perception of safety in this area？ The survey involved 141 residents from Bouakal, and local residents were selected to collect the levels of perceived safety. This paper concludes that urban upgrading has improved the quality of tile and has a positive effect on the perception of safety in the settlement.

关键词： informal settlements Safety perception Fear of crime Urban upgrading

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Vulnerability and everyday health risks of urban informal settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa

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Global Health Journal 2020年第2期4卷 46-50页

作者： Alexandre Zerbo Rafael CDelgado Pedro AGonzález Unit for Research in Emergency and Disaster University of Oviedo33006 OviedoSpain

More than half of the world population lives in the cities and around one billion in poor urban *** numbers are projected to increase,while Sub-Saharan Africa is the region with the highest rate of informal settlements due his rapid *** urban informal settlements of Sub-Saharan Africa house everyday health *** risks have considerable cumulative impacts on the wellbeing and health of the urban vulnerable *** the public health consequences of urbanization and the increase of informal settlements number in African cities,there is a paucity in data about the risks at small scale and the vulnerability in poor urban *** the database search engine of MEDLINE,WHO Library and Information Networks for Knowledge and website of Urban Africa Risk Knowledge;from information of the existing literature,this paper tried to analyse the everyday health risks,and vulnerabilities in urban informal settlement in Sub-Saharan Africa region.A search combining keywords associated with health risks and informal settlement in Sub-Saharan Africa were used to identify the relevant documents,and this search yielded 86 articles,of which 15 met the criteria for inclusion in the *** risks of communicable diseases due to inadequate sanitation have been the most frequent subjects of *** settlers in Sub-Saharan Africa face everyday health risks arising from lack of clean water,adequate sanitation,and life in overcrowding ***,there is a burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases,undernourishment and *** most vulnerable group is children under five with a high rate of *** health risks in urban informal settlements must be taken into account for a better understanding of the full spectrum of urban *** is essential in the establishment of efficient public health policies and intervention in urban areas.

关键词： informal settlements Health risk Vulnerability Sub-Saharan Africa

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Flooding in informal settlements: Potentials and Limits for Household Adaptation in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania

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American Journal of Climate Change 2020年第2期9卷 68-86页

作者： Regina John School of Spatial Planning and Social Sciences Ardhi University Dar es Salaam Tanzania

Rapid urbanization and climate change are compounding the vulnerability of the urban poor to natural hazards, particularly in the global south. Large number of the population in cities of developing countries live in informal settlements characterized with lack of infrastructure facilities and services. Majority of the informal settlements are located in risk areas such as low-lying lands and river banks whereby climatic threats associated with flooding are common. The urban informal settlements are thus disproportionately more vulnerable due to their greater exposure associated with their geophysical location, under-invested infrastructure facilities as well as poor housing quality. While it is widely acknowledged that the need to adapt to climate change related hazards such as flooding is no longer an option, literature suggests that potentials and opportunities for adaptation are unevenly distributed among global regions, communities, sectors, ecological systems as well as across different time periods. This study sought to explore the potentials and limits of households living in flood prone in an informal settlement of Magomeni Suna, Dar es Salaam Tanzania. The study employed a mixed method research design using both quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis. Quantitative data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to 199 randomly selected respondents, while non participant observation was used to capture information related to household physical adaptation measures. Key informant interviews were used to elicit data from purposively selected representatives of government and other local institutions. Two focus group discussions supplemented the data collected through the other methods. The results show that households employ multiple options for flood adaptation ranging from structural measures aimed at preventing flood water from entering the houses, to action oriented strategies such as relocation. The results also high

关键词： Flooding informal settlements Adaptation Dar es Salaam City

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A Proposed Amelioration Strategy for informal settlements,Based on the Bottom-up Approach Grounded in the Eco Village Viewpoint.A Case of Misisi Area,Lusaka,Zambia

A Proposed Amelioration Strategy for Informal Settlements,Ba...

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作者： Jere Kezala 天津大学

学位级别：硕士

The formation of unplanned or informal settlements and at other times often called “slums” or “shanties” presents a number of challenges in which the livelihoods,health,and safety of residents living in them remain at *** thesis is specifically grounded on studying a particular informal settlement called “Misisi” located in Lusaka the capital city of *** Thesis seeks to answer question,“How can the lives of residents in Misisi area be improved?” by seeking out an informal Settlement Bottom-Up amelioration strategy in line with the ecovillage viewpoint on how the current situation Misisi informal settlement can be made well,hence the term” Amelioration”.The study on how to ameliorate Misis informal settlement is driven by objective knowledge,obtained through logical reasoning and certainty found through repetitive *** research methodology on the amelioration strategy is basically divided into three parts（i）spatial analysis（ii）statistical analysis and（ii）physical *** that these three parts are still part and parcel of the macro and micro scale *** other method of study adopted in this thesis research is the case study method to answer the,” how”,“why” or “what” ***,the physical planning component will eventually be a proposal based on the findings of the *** findings on the macro scale spatial analysis were gotten from the Arc GIS hotshot and optimized hotshot analysis,in which the hotspots are statistically significant clusters of high values and the coldspots are statistically significant clusters of low ***,the amelioration strategy point of intervention is on the hotspot *** statistical findings at the micro scale culminated into a formation of three（3）models;（i）household building infrastructure（ii）Access to water and（iii）*** ANOVA results only from（model 1）and（model 3）show that the models were *** phenomenon on informal settlement upgrading raised a lot of dust

关键词： informal settlements Bottom-up approach grounded the Eco Village viewpoint

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Metropolitan Housing Development in Urban Fringe Areas-A Case Study of Three Metropolitan Cities of South Africa: Johannesburg, Ekurhuleni and Tshwane

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Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 2024年第5期18卷 244-253页

作者： Aurobindo Ogra Department of Town and Regional Planning Faculty of Engineering and the Built EnvironmentUniversity of JohannesburgJohannesburg 2006South Africa

Purpose:The metropolitan cities of Johannesburg,Ekurhuleni and Tshwane play an important role in the economy of the Gauteng province in South *** region constitutes to 22.4 percent of the total population of South Africa and has a strong presence and contributes in areas of manufacturing sector,financial and business services,retail and wholesale trade,*** rapid urban population,increase in the informal settlements and socio-economic opportunities has resulted in considerable urban sprawl in and around the urban fringe areas of these metropolitan *** urban fringe areas of these metros often come under the influence of rapid urbanization process and *** with the economical and potential land dynamics and lack of priority of spatial development guidelines,these areas attract rapid and haphazard development from communities and *** Design/Methodology:This research is based on a qualitative approach through a comprehensive literature review that included content analysis of key documents on housing sector such as IDPs(Integrated Development Plans),Municipal Annual Reports,Growth Development Strategies,and among other sectoral documents on housing *** of the key priority issues considered in the housing sector included:eradication of housing backlogs,spatial restructuring of housing,provision of choice in terms of location,tenure and housing ***:The current paper discusses the approaches of metropolitan housing development processes in three metropolitan cities of South Africa from Gauteng region,namely:Johannesburg,Ekurhuleni and *** paper discusses the existing housing sectoral scenario along with the fringe areas in three cities with focus on:formal and informal settlements,housing segregation and the backlogs,current institutional arrangements,role of public private participation,and scope for alternate *** paper concludes in discussion on sustainable development options for hous

关键词： Metropolitan housing development urban fringe areas housing backlog informal settlements urban poor land dynamics housing infrastructure PPP(public private partnership)

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Super-resolution GANs for upscaling unplanned urban settlements from remote sensing satellite imagery - the case of Chinese urban village detection

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2023年第1期16卷 2623-2643页

作者： Alessandro Crivellari Hong Wei Chunzhu Wei Yuhui Shi Department of Computer Science and Engineering SouthernUniversity of Science and TechnologyShenzhenPeople’s Republic of China Ministry of Education Ecological Field Station for East Asian Migratory Birds Department of Earth System ScienceInstitute for Global Change StudiesTsinghua UniversityBeijingPeople’s Republic of China School of Geography and Planning Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhouPeople’s Republic of China Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai) ZhuhaiPeople’s Republic of China

The semantic segmentation of informal urban settlements represents an essential contribution towards renovation strategies and reconstruction *** this context,however,a big challenge remains unsolved when dealing with incomplete data acquisitions from multiple sensing devices,especially when study areas are depicted by images of different *** practice,traditional methodologies are directed to downgrade the higher-resolution data to the lowest-resolution measure,to define an overall homogeneous dataset,which is however ineffective in downstream segmentation activities of such crowded unplanned urban *** this purpose,we hereby tackle the problem in the opposite direction,namely upscaling the lower-resolution data to the highest-resolution measure,contributing to assess the use of cutting-edge super-resolution generative adversarial network(SR-GAN)*** experimental novelty targets the particular case involving the automatic detection of‘urban villages’,sign of the quick transformation of Chinese urban *** aligning image resolutions from two different data sources(Gaofen-2 and Sentinel-2 data),we evaluated the degree of improvement with regard to pixel-based landcover segmentation,achieving,on a 1 m resolution target,classification accuracies up to 83%,67%and 56%for 4x,8x,and 10x resolution upgrades respectively,disclosing the advantages of artificially-upscaled images for segmenting detailed characteristics of informal settlements.

关键词： SR-GAN resolution upscaling informal settlements urban villages cross-sensor analytics

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Mobile GIS occupancy audit of Ulana informal settlement in Ekurhuleni municipality, South Africa

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Geo-Spatial Information Science 2018年第4期21卷 322-330页

作者： Baleseng Tlholohelo Mokoena Walter Musakwa Department of Town and Regional Planning University of JohannesburgDoornfonteinSouth Africa

Relocating people in informal settlements and upgrading the lives of those people requireconsistent commitment, good strategies, and supporting systems. In South Africa, in order toallocate subsidized housing to beneficiaries of an informal settlement, beneficiary administration needs to determine the number of people who qualify for subsidized houses. Withoutgeo-spatial data-based technical verification, conventional methods of occupancy audits areoften cumbersome, are unreliable, and do not promote smart and evidence-based decisionmaking. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to propose and develop an Oracle-based mobileGIS tool to conduct an occupancy audit for Ulana, an informal settlement in EkurhuleniMunicipality in South Africa. Android-based tablets were used to collect the geographicand socio-economic attributes of the informal dwelling units (DU). Spatial analysis (inArcGIS software and geo-spatial modeling environment) and statistical analysis were conducted to produce the occupancy audit. The results indicated that the use of mobile GISprovides up-to-date, accurate, comprehensive, and real-time data so as to facilitate thedevelopment of smart and integrated human settlements. The results of this audit alsoindicated that only 57% of the households residing in Ulana could potentially benefit fromreceiving a subsidized house. Accordingly, the occupancy audit enables planners to planappropriate upgrading and housing development strategies for informal settlement. Thisstudy demonstrates that successful planning of housing delivery for post independentintegrated neighborhoods is not a mere political rhetoric but is viable when it is based onreasonable geo-spatial techniques and information. The use of mobile GIS therefore needs tobe extended to other informal settlement upgrading projects in South Africa as well as othercities in the global south. However, proper professional training is required to ensure thesuccessful usage of smart mobile GIS tools.

关键词： Mobile GIS geo-spatial occupancy audit informal settlements integration smart cities

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Perception of Disasters and Land Reclamation in an informal Settlement on Reclaimed Land:Case of the BASECO Compound,Manila,the Philippines

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2020年第5期11卷 640-654页

作者： Ven Paolo Bruno Valenzuela Miguel Esteban Onuki Motoharu Graduate Program in Sustainability Science-Global Leadership Initiative The University of TokyoKashiwaChiba 277-8563Japan Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Waseda UniversityTokyo 169-8555Japan

Southeast Asia's coastal urban areas continue to grow,with land reclamation fast becoming an important option for megacities to address issues of economic growth and increasing population *** are divided over the advantages and disadvantages of land reclamation,though this process continues unabated,exposing settlements to coastal *** Bataan Shipping and Engineering Company(BASECO)compound is an informal settlement on reclaimed land in Manila,the *** informal coastal settlements view disaster risk and their more pressing socioeconomic needs is crucial to understanding the potentials and repercussions of land *** a topographic survey,a questionnaire survey,and the protective action decision model,this study explored the perception of disasters and land reclamation of informal settlers who are living on reclaimed *** study found that people are aware of disaster risks,but are more concerned with everyday *** are divided on the issue of further land *** on the original non-reclaimed land view it as a coastal defense,while those on reclaimed land fear potential *** this,all locations in the community are concerned with the loss of jobs,economic opportunities,and eviction,rather than potential disasters.

关键词： Coastal hazards Flooding informal settlements Land reclamation Philippines Risk perception Urbanization

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A qualitative assessment of solid waste management in Peleng township in Lobatse,Botswana considering spatial aspects

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Waste Disposal and Sustainable Energy 2020年第3期2卷 219-230页

作者： Nametso D.Phonchi-Tshekiso Patricia K.Mogomotsi Goemeone E.J.Mogomotsi Reniko Gondo Okavango Research Institute University of BotswanaP/Bag 285MaunBotswana

Even though solid waste management is widely researched,there is scanty literature addressing the influence of physical environmental attributes on solid waste management service provision in informal *** aim of this study was to investigate the nexus between physical infrastructural planning and waste management *** obtain relevant results,this study used the case study of Peleng township in *** study relied on empirical data collected from 91 ran-domly selected *** was used for mapping 550 purposively selected households,and for visualization of the physical *** study concluded that the community is at the forefront of dealing with waste problems in their ***,their interventions have fallen short of becoming profitable and sustainable due to a failure of the government to integrate solid waste management into mainstream urban development *** findings revealed that there is minimal government intervention for improved solid waste management in the *** recommends that adequate attention must be given to road infrastructure and physical developments in order solid waste management in Peleng,Lobatse.

关键词： ArcGIS informal settlements Infrastructural planning Solid waste management Topography Urban development

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