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Performance of Healthcare Facilities of Different Levels towards Safe Healthcare Waste Management as Linked to Infection Prevention and Control Standards in Tanzania

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2022年第10期13卷 732-749页

作者： Honest Anicetus Samwel Manyele Josephat Saria Michael Habtu Grace Elizabeth Saguti Zabulon Yoti Adolf Kiyunge Leonard Subi Ministry of Health Community Development Gender Elderly and Children Dodoma Tanzania Department of Chemical and Mining Eng. University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania Department of Environmental Studies The Open University of Tanzania Dar es Salaam Tanzania World Health Organization (WHO) Dar es Salaam Tanzania

The aim of this study was to ascertain performance of Healthcare Facilities on safe healthcare waste management practices. To achieve this, a national assessment was conducted country wide to assess performance of various healthcare practices related to waste materials management, WASH, and Hygiene practices as linked to infection prevention and control. The assessment of healthcare waste management in the facilities was conducted in all the 26 regions of Tanzania Mainland for one month. A standardized checklist and tools were used to assess and monitor various aspects related to healthcare waste management using open source software for data collection (ODK). Data were analyzed using SPSS computer software. It was observed that most of permanent staff (88%) in the Healthcare facilities had knowledge on hand hygiene, but the gap was observed to the waste handlers (12%) who were not equipped with the hand hygiene knowledge. About 89% of the hand washing stations were available at mortuary units, followed by 75% at main entrance and the lowest was 3% at waste zone areas of the healthcare facilities. Hand washing materials like soap were mainly found at theaters (64%) followed by mortuary (60%) and last at waste zones. It was concluded that handling of HCW is not properly practiced to the expectations, necessitating strengthens of supervision. The findings provide evidence for those engaged in improving HCF conditions to develop evidence-based policies and efficient programs, enhance service delivery systems, and make better use of available resources.

关键词： Healthcare Waste Air Pollutants Toxic Gases incineration Bottom Ash Fly Ash Healthcare Facilities

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Characteristics of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from MSWM in Chongqing,China during 2003-2020

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Meteorological and Environmental Research 2022年第3期13卷 44-48,55页

作者： Xue ZHAO Sichuan Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences Chengdu 610041China

Researches put forward that municipal solid waste management(MSWM) emitted greenhouse gases(GHGs) and contributed to global warming potential(GWP). In 2020, Chongqing, the largest municipality in China, generated 6 285 Gg of municipal solid waste(MSW), and 5 806 Gg of MSW was safely disposed either by incineration or landfill. Hence, the amount of GHG emissions generated from MSWM in Chongqing is essential for providing basic data, improving and optimizing MSWM scenario and avoiding unnecessary emissions. This present work aims at estimating characteristics of GHG emissions generated from MSWM in Chongqing. In this paper, according to the Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories of IPCC in 2006, life cycle assessment(LCA) was used to quantitatively analyze and evaluate the GHGs characteristics of MSW in Chongqing from 2003 to 2020. The results show that the total GHGs increased from 41.43 Gg of CO_(2)-eq in 2003 to 4 779.6 Gg of CO_(2)-eq in 2020. The emission coefficient of greenhouse gases per ton is 0.56 for incineration and 0.06-1.36 for sanitary landfill respectively.

关键词： MSWM incineration Landfill GHGs LCA Chongqing

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Agent Orange Chemical Plant Locations in the United States and Canada: Environmental and Human Health Impacts

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2022年第8期12卷 363-426页

作者： Kenneth R. Olson David R. Speidel U.S. Army Vietnam Era Veteran and Professor Emeritus of Soil Science in Department of Natural Resources College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA US Army Iraq Mosul and Balad Iraq Foreign Agricultural Service Baqubah and Mahmudiyah Iraq Foreign Agricultural Service Washington DC USA

During the Vietnam War, millions of liters of six tactical herbicides were sprayed on the southern Vietnam landscape to defoliate forests, to clear military perimeters and to destroy enemy food supplies. The environmental and human health impacts of spraying these herbicides, especially Agent Orange and those formulated with mixtures that included 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) which was contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetracholorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) have been documented over the last 60 years. The dioxin TCDD clean-up efforts at former military bases and other Vietnam hotspots are ongoing. However, the lesser-told story was the environmental and human health impacts on the communities and chemical plant workers who manufactured Agent Orange and other herbicides that became contaminated with dioxin TCDD in the manufacturing processes at seven locations in the United States and one site in Canada. The pollution at these chemical plant sites, adjacent rivers and groundwater is well known within each affected state or province but not widely recognized beyond their localities. In this paper we assess the national long-term effects on land, groundwater and river resources where Agent Orange and other agricultural herbicides containing 2,4,5-T with unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD were manufactured, transported, and temporarily stored. The sites where residual tactical herbicides with contaminated by-products were applied to public lands or disposed of by military and civilian workers within the United States and Canada are identified. After 60 years, these communities are still paying the price for the U.S. Government, DOD and USDA decisions to provide and use agricultural herbicides as tactical chemical weapons during the Vietnam War (1962-1971). There have been human health issues associated with the chemical manufacture, transport, storage and disposal of these herbicides related to workers who moved these chemical weapons from United States and Canada to SE Asia. Most of these dioxin contaminated tactica

关键词： Dioxin TCDD Arsenic Chemical Plant Workers Chloracne Cancer Herbicides Cacodylic Acid Monsanto Dow Nitro Midland Elmira Uniroyal Times Beach Missouri Gagetown incineration Certified Landfill Environmental Covenants

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Optimization on Two-stage incineration of Municipal Solid Waste in Rotary Kiln System

Optimization on Two-stage Incineration of Municipal Solid Wa...

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CSPE-JSME-ASME International Conference on Power Engineering

作者： Shuiqing LI Jingtao HUANG Yong CHI Rundong LI Zhixiao ZHANG Jiade MA Jianhua YAN Kefa CEN Institute of Thermal Power Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China

＜正＞Roary kiln is one of the most commonly used incinerators due to its completed destruction of the solid wastes,especially the hazardous and medical wastes. This work Presents a non-linear steady-stated optimizing model of atwo-stage rotary kiln incinerator. The objective function is Proposed on basis of MSW disposal Principals, i.e., volumereduction, detoxification and energy recovery The constrains are mainly imoposed by 3T operating criteria （Time,Temperature and Turbulence） and heat-input permits. The intrinsic featurs of rotary kiln, viz. structural geometry andoperating parameters, exert their imfluences on overall optimization Problem by Proposing a subordinate optimizingmodel of MSW throughput. Special attentions are devoted to a simplified theoretical analsis about the mechanism ofsolid transport, the heat transfer durin incineration and the two-stage combustion stoichiometry which provides thepermit values of the feasible region as well as the basis of the optimization model.

关键词： Rotary kiln MSW incineration Optimization Two-step combustion mode

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EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT OF MSW INCINERATOR WITH A NOVEL MSW incineration TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATED WITH BIOCHEMICAL METHOD

EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT OF MSW INCINERATOR WITH A NOVEL MSW I...

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2006年中国机械工程学会年会暨中国工程院机械与运载工...

作者： ZHANG Zhixiao*,MA Jiade *Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China China United Engineering Corporation,Hangzhou310022, China

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is increasing rapidly with economic development in recent years in China, and has become a serious environmental problem. incineration plays an important role in disposal a

关键词： Municipal solid waste （MSW） incineration incinerator efficiency biochemical treatment.

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PCDD/FS EMISSION IN A 150T/D MSW AND COAL CO-FIRING FLUIDIZED BED INCINERATOR

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Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A(Applied Physics & Engineering) 2001年第3期2卷 39-44页

作者：徐旭李晓东严建华陆胜勇谷月玲池涌岑可法 Institute for Thermal Power Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China

incineration as a method of reducing Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) volume and recovery of energy has been developed gradually in China. More attention is paid on polychlorinated dibenzo\|\%p\%\|dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) formed in MSW incineration process. This paper presents results of the analysis of PCDD/Fs in the residues of a fluidized bed incinerator co\|firing MSW and coal in the Yuhang Thermal Power Plant. The effects of operation conditions and the wet scrubber system on PCDD/Fs formation were also analyzed. PCDD/Fs emitting from the smoke stack was 0.92 I\|TEQ ng/Nm\+3. After the wet scrubber emission of dioxins increased and the shifting of homologue profiles in flue gas was also observed, PCDFs were not detected in the incinerator residues. From this, we can see that in the MSW incineration process, the formation mechanism of PCDFs was different from that of PCDDs. The results will benefit further research on the optimal operation of incinerator and control of PCDD/Fs emission from the MSW incinerator.

关键词： municipal solid waste incineration PCDD/Fs

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从纽约市固体废物中回收能量(二)

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江苏锅炉 2022年第4期 39-45页

作者： Nickolas J.Themel 杨宜科 Earth Engineering Center Columbia UniversityNew YorkNY 10027U.S.A 无锡华光环保能源集团股份有限公司江苏无锡214028

城市固体废物(Municipal Solid Wastes,MSW)综合管理的主要方法为物资回收、能量回收、经生物转化为燃料和肥料以及残渣的填埋。本文对经预处理的MSW中可燃成分的能量回收进行了研究,并在适当设计的燃烧反应装置及热电联供的热电厂以它... 详细信息

城市固体废物(Municipal Solid Wastes,MSW)综合管理的主要方法为物资回收、能量回收、经生物转化为燃料和肥料以及残渣的填埋。本文对经预处理的MSW中可燃成分的能量回收进行了研究,并在适当设计的燃烧反应装置及热电联供的热电厂以它们作为燃料进行了探讨。尽管MSW中物质多种多样,但其平均碳氢化合物的结构可以近似用有机化合物C’HioO。表示。推出的公式可以预测作为水分及玻璃/金属含量函数的MSW的热值,并堪比实验值。美国一座性能领先的废物-能源(Wastes-to-Energy)电厂MSW的年处理量约为90万吨,每吨MSW的净发电量为620kWh.此项研究的结果表明,从MSW中回收能量可以大大减少每年用于填埋的土地量,还可减少对化石燃料的依赖程度。

关键词： municipal solid waste energy recovery combustion incineration ash emissions pre-processing WTE

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从纽约市固体废物中回收能量(一)

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江苏锅炉 2022年第3期 38-45页

作者： Nickolas J.Themelis 杨宜科(译) Earth Engineering Center Columbia UniversityNew YorkNY 10027U.S.A 无锡华光环保能源集团股份有限公司退休江苏无锡214028

城市固体废物(Municipal Solid Wastes,MSW)综合管理的主要方法为物资回收、能量回收、经生物转化为燃料和肥料以及残渣的填埋。本文对经预处理的MSW中可燃成分的能量回收进行了研究,并在适当设计的燃烧反应装置及热电联供的热电厂以它们作为燃料进行了探讨。尽管MSW中物质多种多样,但其平均碳氢化合物的结构可以近似用有机化合物C6H/4表示。推出的公式可以预测作为水分及玻璃/金属含量函数的MSW的热值,并堪比实验值。美国一座性能领先的废物-能源(Wastes-to-Energy)电厂MSW的年处理量约为90万吨,每吨MSW的净发电量为620kWh.此项研究的结果表明,从MSW中回收能量可以大大减少每年用于填埋的土地量,还可减少对化石燃料的依赖程度。

关键词： municipal solid waste energy recovery combustion incineration ash emissions pre-processing WTE

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Analysis of Temperature Profiles and Cycle Time in a Large-Scale Medical Waste Incinerator

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Engineering（科研） 2015年第10期7卷 717-732页

作者： Veilla E. Matee Samwel V. Manyele Department of Chemical and Mining Engineering University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania

Temperature profiles and cycle times in a large-scale medical waste incinerator installed in a referral hospital were used to assess the performance and functionality of incinerator. The study was conducted using data collected from 8 cycles per days for 67 days. For proper combustion and destruction of toxic components in the primary chamber and destruction of pollutants and toxic components in the flue gas, it is desired to reach the maximum temperature in the chambers faster and maintain this maximum temperature for an extended time interval. The primary and secondary temperatures T1 and T2, respectively, were recorded at an interval of one minute for different cycles. Different amounts of wastes with varying proportions of sharps and other wastes were loaded into the incinerator and temperature profiles recorded. The analysis shows that the incinerator works at primary temperature less than the required recommended by manufacturer while the secondary chamber operates between 600 and above 950℃, although higher temperatures up to 1020℃ were observed. The average load preparation time was observed to be 14.6 minutes, while the chamber preheating time before daily initial loading was 25.45 minutes. Both temperature profiles were observed to have similar shapes for all combustion cycles studied, except when incinerator malfunctioning occurred. The average cycle time was established to be 32.7 minutes and 28.97 minutes based on time to drop to 550℃ after the maximum temperature and loading time intervals, respectively, although longer cycle times were observed. Temperature drop in both combustion chambers as a result of waste charging was observed in the interval of 5 minutes. The chamber heating rate was observed to decrease exponentially with time during both preheating and incineration operation.

关键词： Medical Waste Management Infectious Waste Pathological Waste Sharps Waste incineration Temperature Profile Cycle Time Heating Rate

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Long-Term Fate of Agent Orange and Dioxin TCDD Contaminated Soils and Sediments in Vietnam Hotspots

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2019年第1期9卷 1-34页

作者： Kenneth Ray Olson Lois Wright Morton Department of NRES College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana IL USA Department of Sociology College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Iowa State University Ames IA USA

The soils, tropical climate, and network of canals and rivers of southern Vietnam have created one of the most diverse tropical jungles and intensely cultivated landscapes of Southeast Asia. This paradise has a long history of numerous wars, foreign occupations, and most recently the Second Indochina War (aka the Vietnam War 1965-1972) which defoliated rain forests and ancient wetland mangroves and left behind contaminated soil and sediment hotspots. During this war, the United States (US) military sprayed 80 million liters of Agent Orange contaminated with the dioxin TCDD in a guerrilla war against communist insurgents. Agent Orange was a synthetic plant growth regulator comprised of equal amounts of two herbicides 2,4-dichloro phenoxyacetic acid C8H6Cl2O3 (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid C8H5Cl3O3 (2,4,5-T). TCDD, the dioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (C12H4Cl4O2) was an unintended byproduct of the accelerated combustion process used in the manufacture of herbicides containing 2,4,5-T. Agent Orange has frequently been blamed for soil and sediment contamination and long-term human health problems;however, the true source of harm is the dioxin TCDD. Agent Orange has a short half-life of days and weeks after application to vegetation, and has not been found to persist, after 50 years, in the water or soils of southern Vietnam. However, the half-life of dioxin TCDD depends on where it is deposited and varies from 1 to 3 years on soil surfaces that have been fully exposed to sunlight, to as long as 20 to 50 years or more when buried in tropical subsoils, and more than 100 years in river and sea sediments. Dioxin TCDD was heavily concentrated in the US Air Force bases in Vietnam where the herbicides were stored, loaded on planes and helicopters for aerial spraying, and used extensively around military base perimeter fences as a security measure to prevent surprise attacks. Bien Hoa Air Force base, 40 km northeast of Ho Chi Minh City, continues to be one of the mega-hotspots where after 48 years th

关键词： Soils of Vietnam Agent Orange Dioxin TCDD Herbicides Soil Contaminant Sediment Contaminant Half-Life Hotspots Operation Ranch Hand US Airbases in Vietnam Vietnam War Cu Chi Soil Tunnels Guerilla Warfare incineration

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