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Scab Disease Caused by Venturia inaequalison Apple Trees in Kyrgyzstan and Biological Agents to Control This Disease

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Advances in Microbiology 2017年第6期7卷 450-466页

作者： Tinatin Doolotkeldieva Saykal Bobusheva Plant Protection Department Faculty of Agriculture Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University Bishkek Kyrgyzstan

Among the most economically important fruit crops in South and North Kyrgyzstan affected by scab disease are apples (Malus domestica). Natural isolates of Venturia inaequalis were isolated from diseased parts of apple trees, selected from different regions, through sedimentation of air microflora on the crowns of fruit trees. Two biocontrol agents as Trichoderma viride and Streptomyces sр. were tested for apple scab control in vitro and field conditions. Two applications of Trichoderma viride within 35 days completely stopped the scab disease in seedling leaves. Within 40 days, the seedlings were recovered;the new leaves have blossomed on branches. The Streptomyces sp. antagonists were inferior in effectiveness compared to Trichoderma viride;nevertheless, they prevented progression of the disease in the leaves. Seedlings grew new shoots and leaves around 50 days after the second treatment. Orchard experiment results provide great hope that a biological product based on Trichoderma viride could work as an effective agent to suppress the development of the pathogen in the early spring, when leaves start to show scab disease symptoms.

关键词： Apple Scab Venturia inaequalis Trichoderma viride Streptomyces sр. Biological Control

Effect of 4% glycerol and low aeration on result of expression in Escherichia coliof Cin3 and three Venturia inaequalisEST’s recombinant proteins

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American Journal of Molecular Biology 2013年第1期3卷 1-9页

作者： Taha H. Al-Samarrai William T. Jones Dawn Harvey Christopher A. Kirk M. Templtone The Plant and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd. CRI Auckland New Zealand The Plant and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd. CRI Palmerston North New Zealand The University of Samarrai College of Medical Technology Samarra Iraq

The phytopathogenic fungus Venturia inaequalis causes scab of apple. Once this fungus penetrates the plant surface, it forms a specialized body called a stroma between the inner cuticle surface and the epidermal cell wall. A novel Venturia inaequalis 5704 (Cin3) and three expressed sequence tags (ESTs);38, 6987, and 4010 are strongly up-regulated in the early stages of infection. The CIN3 and three ESTs using two vectors pMAL-c2 and pET 21 were expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant proteins expression, solubility and yields were analyzed. 38, 5704 (Cin3) and 6987 re- combinant proteins were expressed in soluble form and while 4010 was expressed in inclusion bodies. Re- solution on native-PAGE, the recombinant proteins;38, 5704 (Cin3), 6987 were shown to be present in dimmer, tetramer and polymer. A method was de- veloped, consisting of induction of expression at va- rious temperatures, and using enriched broth with 4% glycerol together with slow shaking, led to a decrease in concentration of nascent polypeptide and production of soluble recombinant proteins of;38, 5704 (Cin3), 6987 and 4010. Resolution on native- PAGE, the recombinant proteins were shown to be present as monomer.

关键词： Venturia inaequalis Expressed Sequence Tag (ESTs) Phytopathogenic Fungus Appressorium A Stroma

Researches on Methodologies to Verify Reduced Sensitivities of Venturia inaequalisin Field to Difenoconazole and First Indications of a Survey in Italy

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2017年第9期8卷 2056-2068页

作者： Riccardo Fiaccadori Department of Agricultural Sciences (DIPSA) Bologna University Bologna Italy

Resistance of Venturia inaequalis to the first IBS triazoles occurred in the 80’s in Italy and other countries. Successively number of applications sensibly decreased and problems of resistance to IBS generally disappeared. In 2010 suspects of resistance to the newer IBS difenoconazole, the actually most used IBS, appeared in several countries. In vitro tests the results confirmed the previous researches: the monoconidia from populations which were poorly controlled showed moderate reduced sensitivity respect to well controlled and wild-types. New in vivo tests were realized with preventive and curative applications on seedlings. No different activity among the three types of populations (poorly, well-controlled and wild-types) was found in preventive applications. On the contrary, in curative applications, wild-types and well controlled populations showed a visible and statistically significant activity respect to the poorly controlled. A survey of sensitivity to difenoconazole was carried out in two Italian apple areas in 2013-2015 and showed the presence of populations resistant to difenoconazole. Probably the cause of the resistance spread was the increase of the number of applications of this IBS in the last years. However the problem appears more complex because nowadays resistance regards about all fungicides and with a higher severity respect previous decades. An increase of virulence of V. inaequalis strains appears to be the cause of this situation also for the high presence of cultivars with high or moderate susceptibility to scab. Foreseeable remedies consist in a differentiate and appropriate setting of each chemical groups of fungicides in apple scab control, but in long terms new strategies in apple cultivation should be necessary.

关键词： Venturia inaequalis Resistance IBS Difenoconazole Apple-Scab Control

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苹果黑星病流行规律研究进展

石河子大学学报（自然科学版） 2004年第Z1期22卷 126-129页

作者：董艳玲胡小平杨家荣郭世宝西北农林科技大学植物保护学院陕西杨凌712100

苹果黑星病在世界各国苹果产区均有发生 ,严重威胁着苹果产业的可持续发展。本文概述了苹果黑星病发生症状、病原菌形态及生物学特性、病害防治措施 ,并着重阐述了病害的流行规律。

关键词：苹果黑星病 Venturia inaequalis 流行规律