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A New Method of Deoxygenation in the Synthesis of Taxanes by Hypophosphorous Acid

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有机化学 2003年第Z1期23卷 340-341页

作者： GU Jun ZHANG Meng YIN Da-Li Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050

　　Based on the chemistry involved in the radical chain deoxygenation of alcohols by the Barton-McCombie reaction, numerous applications in the synthesis of taxanes were reported. [1] In the original Barton-McCombie method,tributyltin hydride was the hydrogen atom source and tributyltin radical generated from the hydride served as a chain carrier. [2] Although the method gave the good yield and found many applications, the problems associated with the price, toxicity and removal of tin residues prompted search for other hydrogen atom sources. Radical chain deoxygenation of alcohols can be carried out with phosphorus centered radicals, generated from hypophosphorous acid orits salts. [3]……

关键词： Hypophosphorous Acid hydrogen atom hypophosphorous acid

Christoffel Symbols and Chiral Properties of the Space-Time Geometry for the atomic Electron States

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Journal of Modern Physics 2021年第4期12卷 483-512页

作者： Claude Daviau Jacques Bertrand Fondation Louis de Broglie Paris France

Quantum electron states, in the case of an improved Dirac equation, are linked to the Christoffel symbols of the connection of space-time geometry. Each solution of the wave equation, in the case of the hydrogen atom induces a connection which is completely calculated. This allows us to discover the global and chiral properties of the space-time connection, with spin 2.

关键词： Quantum Mechanics Clifford Algebra Differential Geometry Dirac Equation hydrogen atom Chirality

Scalar Field Model Provides a Possible Bridge between General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics

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International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 2022年第3期12卷 247-257页

作者： Rickey W. Austin Researcher at Saint Claire Scientific Research Albuquerque USA

Herein is introduced a simple scalar field model derived from classical based kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, and Special Relativity’s rest mass energy. By applying a classical orbit over the scalar field, relativistic effects are predicted. The scalar field is then applied to a classical model of the hydrogen atom resulting in a relativistic effect equal to the binding energy of the hydrogen atom. In addition, the model derives the fine structure constant due to the gravitational effect. The relativistic effects are then discretized in increments equal to the model’s gravitational induced constant. The discretization produces the hydrogen atom spectral emissions and an angular momentum equal to Planck’s reduced constant. The model is not presented as a replacement for current theory, rather it is for inspection and illustration of how a simplistic model may offer a fundamental bridge between the more complex, time proven theories of General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics.

关键词： General Relativity Quantum Mechanics hydrogen atom Fine Structure Con-stant Planck’s Constant

Joule-Lenz Energy of Quantum Electron Transitions Compared with the Electromagnetic Emission of Energy

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Journal of Modern Physics 2016年第12期7卷 1440-1448页

作者： Stanisław Olszewski Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka Warsaw Poland

In the first step, the Joule-Lenz dissipation energy specified for the electron transitions between two neighbouring quantum levels in the hydrogen atom has been compared with the electromagnetic energy of emission from a single level. Both the electric and magnetic vectors entering the Pointing vector of the electromagnetic field are referred to the one-electron motion performed along an orbit in the atom. In the next step, a similar comparison of emission rates is performed for the harmonic oscillator. Formally a full agreement of the Joule-Lenz and electromagnetic expressions for the energy emission rates has been attained.

关键词： Joule-Lenz Energy Quantum Electron Transitions hydrogen atom Electromagnetic Energy Emission

Ehrenfest Approach to the Adiabatic Invariants and Calculation of the Intervals of Time Entering the Energy Emission Process in Simple Quantum Systems

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Journal of Quantum Information Science 2020年第1期10卷 1-9页

作者： Stanislaw Olszewski Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland

In the first step, the Ehrenfest reasoning concerning the adiabatic invariance of the angular orbital momentum is applied to the electron motion in the hydrogen atom. It is demonstrated that the time of the energy emission from the quantum level n+1 to level n can be deduced from the orbital angular momentum examined in the hydrogen atom. This time is found precisely equal to the time interval dictated by the Joule-Lenz law governing the electron transition between the levels n+1 and n. In the next step, the mechanical parameters entering the quantum systems are applied in calculating the time intervals characteristic for the electron transitions. This concerns the neighbouring energy levels in the hydrogen atom as well as the Landau levels in the electron gas submitted to the action of a constant magnetic field.

关键词： Aadiabatic Invariants Time of the Energy Emission Process Referred to the Mechanical Parameters of a Quantum System hydrogen atom The Landau Levels in the Electron Gas

Demystifying the Lorentz Force Equation

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Journal of Modern Physics 2022年第5期13卷 776-838页

作者： André Michaud Service de Recherche Pédagogique Québec Canada

The Lorentz force equation F = q(E + v × B), which has been used by the engineering community since the early 20th century to control the motion of electrons on free trajectories, in a wide range of technical applications, is a generalized equation that was originally developed by Hendrik Antoon Lorentz at the beginning of the 20th century, and which treats, in a single formulation, two very different aspects of the behavior of free-moving electrons. This article aims to put into perspective the historical context in which the equation was developed, and to clarify how its two different aspects can be clearly separated for practical computational purposes and used in fundamental research in physics, to help reconcile classical/relativistic mechanics and quantum mechanics with electromagnetism, and in particular how its first term can be related to gravitation while its second term can be related to measurable mass from the electromagnetic perspective.

关键词： Electron Resonance States Elementary Electromagnetic Particles Electromagnetism hydrogen atom

Uncertainty Relations for Some Central Potentials in N-Dimensional Space

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Applied Mathematics 2016年第6期7卷 508-517页

作者： Sami M. AL-Jaber Department of Physics An-Najah National University Nablus Palestine

We study the uncertainty relation for three quantum systems in the N-dimensional space by using the virial theorem (VT). It is shown that this relation depends on the energy spectrum of the system as well as on the space dimension N. It is pointed out that the form of lower bound of the inequality, which is governed by the ground state, depends on the system and on the space dimension N. A comparison between our result for the lower bound and recent results, based on information-theoretic approach, is pointed out. We examine and analyze these derived uncertainties for different angular momenta with a special attention made for the large N limit.

关键词： Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation Central Potentials in N-Dimensions Confined Particle hydrogen atom Harmonic Oscillator

Quasi-Relativistic Description of hydrogen-Like atoms

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Journal of Modern Physics 2020年第6期11卷 788-802页

作者： Luis Grave de Peralta Department of Physics and Astronomy Texas Tech University Lubbock TX USA

Using a novel wave equation, which is Galileo invariant but can give precise results up to energies as high as mc2, exact quasi-relativistic quantum mechanical solutions are found for the Hydrogen atom. It is shown that the exact solutions of the Grave de Peralta equation include the relativistic correction to the non-relativistic kinetic energies calculated using the Schrödinger equation.

关键词： Quantum Mechanics Schrödinger Equation Relativistic Quantum Mechanics Klein-Gordon Equation hydrogen atom

Size of the Electron Microparticle Calculated from the Oersted Law

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Journal of Modern Physics 2016年第11期7卷 1297-1303页

作者： Stanisław Olszewski Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland

An attempt to obtain a new theoretical derivation of the size of the electron microparticle has been done. To this purpose first the Maxwell equation for the electron current has been examined for the case of the one-electron current present in the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. It has been shown that the equation is satisfied on condition that the microstructure properties of the electron particle are taken into account. In the next step, the quanta of the magnetic field characteristic for the Bohr atom and the electron time periods specific for the electron current along the orbits were substituted in place of parameters entering the classical Oersted equation. This gives an expression for the cross-section radius of the orbits not much different than results for the radius of the electron microparticle obtained in a former electron theory

关键词： Cross-Section Area of the Electron Orbits and the Radius of the Electron Microparticle hydrogen atom Oersted Equation