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Setting Regional Research Priorities for Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights Services in humanitarian Settings

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Advances in Reproductive Sciences 2021年第1期9卷 60-68页

作者： Leopold Ouedraogo Triphonie Nkurunziza Assumpta Muriithi Chilanga Asmani Hayfa Elamin Bigirimana Françoise Souleymane Zan Gbenou Dina Mihretu Belete Dadji Kwami Kim Caron Rahn Ali Moazzam Tolu Lemi Blami Dao Issiaka Sombie Okech Mollent Reproductive Maternal Health and Ageing WHO Regional Office for Africa Brazzaville Congo Department of Reproductive Health and Research World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland JHPIEGO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso West Africa Health Organization Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Peak Moments Global HR Solutions Nairobi Kenya

Background: Despite increased recognition of the need for sexual and reproductive health and rights in humanitarian settings, evidence focusing on mainstreaming reproductive health services such as maternal, neonatal mortality, human immunodeficiency virus transmission and unsafe abortion still remains inadequate. The ability to understand the magnitude of the needs and highlight existing gaps is supported by improved data which is critical to informing effective policies, programming and funding decisions. The purpose of this report is to present the results of a research prioritization exercise on sexual and reproductive health and rights services in humanitarian settings for the WHO Africa region for the next three years. Methods: We adapted the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative method in three phases. Experts from the region participated in an online survey to identify key areas for research in sexual and reproductive health and rights. To identify potential areas for research, the experts ensured answerability, effectiveness, deliverability, equity and potential impact of the questions. The research areas they identified were reviewed by World Health Organization technical team from headquarters. In a meeting of 67 participants, the questions were subjected to further review and analysis. Using a modified for scoring criteria, the questions were scored and ranked to provide the top ten priority questions to address sexual and reproductive health and rights services in humanitarian settings. Results: A list of 21 priority research questions on sexual and reproductive health and rights services in humanitarian settings were scored and ranked. Top ten priorities research questions were identified. Those that scored highly by scoring 30 points out of the possible maximum of 30 include: “determining the prevalence and associated factors of unwanted pregnancies and abortions performed in emergency and hu

关键词： humanitarian Conflicts Crisis Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights

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The Challenges Posed by Autonomous Weapon Systems to Human Rights and humanitarian Concerns and Relevant Legal Responses

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The Journal of Human Rights 2023年第3期22卷 639-657页

作者：张韵涵 XU Chao Jilin University Law School 不详

By 2050,autonomous weapon systems may potentially replace humans as the main force on the battlefield,as per *** development of autonomous weapon systems poses risks to human rights and humanitarian concerns and raises questions about how international law should regulate new *** the perspectives of international human rights law and international humanitarian law,autonomous weapon systems present serious challenges in terms of invasiveness,indiscriminate killing,cruelty,and loss of control,which impact human rights and humanitarian *** the backdrop of increased attention to the protection of human rights in China,it is necessary to clarify the existing regulatory framework and fundamental stance regarding autonomous weapon systems and proactively consider and propose countermeasures to address the risks associated with such *** will help prevent human rights and humanitarian violations and advance the timely resolution of this issue,which affects the future and destiny of humanity,ultimately achieving the noble goal of universal enjoyment of human rights.

关键词： autonomous weapon systems international humanitarian law international human rights law humanitarian

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Epidemiology, Clinical Aspects and Management of Cleft Lip and/or Palate in Burkina Faso: A humanitarian Pediatric Surgery-Based Study

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Open Journal of Pediatrics 2015年第2期5卷 113-120页

作者： Kisito Nagalo Isso Ouédraogo Jean-Martin Laberge Louise Caouette-Laberge Jean Turgeon Service of Pediatrics Clinique El Fateh-Suka Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Training and Research Unit of Health Sciences University of Ouagadougou Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Department of Pediatric Surgery Charles De Gaulle Pediatric University Teaching Hospital Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Mission Sourires d’Afrique Montreal Canada Department of Pediatric Surgery McGill University Montreal Canada Department of Surgery University of Montreal Montreal Canada Department of Pediatrics University of Montreal Montreal Canada

Background: Cleft lip and/or palate are the most common orofacial malformations. Many studies, especially in developed countries have been conducted on this malformation, but in Burkina Faso, data are scarce and they are not specific to children. The aim of this study was to report the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of cleft lip and/or palate in children in a low-income country. Materials and Method: The authors conducted a retrospective descriptive study based on data of three humanitarian missions of pediatric reconstructive facial surgery which took place in 2007, 2010 and 2014 at Clinique El Fateh-Suka in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. All children of 0 - 14 years of age, presenting with cleft lip and/or palate, were included in the study. Results: A total of 185 cases of cleft lip and/or palate were seen during these three humanitarian surgery missions. There were 100 boys and 85 girls. The average age of the children was 2.4 ± 3.2 years [0 - 12 years];there were 8.7% newborns. The commonest type of cleft was cleft lip and palate (49.7%) followed by isolated cleft lip (48.7%) and isolated cleft palate (1.6%). The left side was the most affected (49.2%). In 21.1% of cases, clefts were associated with other congenital malformations. In total, 150 of 185 (81.1%) children underwent surgery and there were no postoperative complications reported. Conclusions: Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of cleft lip and/or palate observed in this study are not very different from those described elsewhere in Africa. However, in our conditions, there are circumstances and structural factors which hinder the diagnosis and constitute challenges that must be addressed for adequate management of this congenital, highly disfiguring malformation.

关键词： Orofacial Clefts Cleft Lip and/or Palate Congenital Malformations humanitarian Surgery International Cooperation

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humanitarian Champion

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中国与非洲·英文版 2018年第7期 42-43页

作者： Li Xiaoyu

Former Ethiopian first lady dedicates herself to improve the well-being of women and children Roman Tesfaye,wife of former Ethiopian Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn,is a fervent advocate of women’s economic *** f... 详细信息

关键词： humanitarian CHAMPION Hailemariam Desalegn

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humanitarian Intervention and International Law

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Journalism and Mass Communication 2018年第6期8卷 303-311页

作者： Vladimir Ortakovski University “St. Kliment Ohridski” Skopje Macedonia

During the last decade of the 20th century, there were nine humanitarian interventions: in Northern Iraq, Bosnia, Somalia, Rwanda, Haiti, Albania, Kosovo, East Timor, and Sierra Leone. Of the cases cited, the consent of the home government was obtained in five cases and two others had explicit Security Council authorization. However, two cases were carried out without consent of the government or authorization by the UN Security Council: Northern Iraq and Kosovo1. NATO bombing of FR Yugoslavia in 1999 received a particular attention and condemnation. Without UN Security Council’s resolution for that “air campaign”, there was justification that the action was about prevention of humanitarian catastrophe. This paper will attempt at identifying legal position of humanitarian intervention in international law;whether or not, and in what circumstances, it is safe to claim that there exists the right to humanitarian intervention. At the beginning of the 21st century, there has been extensive consideration of the “responsibility to protect” as a composite concept comprising the responsibilities to prevent humanitarian catastrophe, to react immediately when they do occur and to rebuild afterwards.2 Such an approach may be seen as an effort to redefine the principle of humanitarian intervention in a way that seeks to minimize the motives of the intervening powers. The paper also deals with the relation and differences between humanitarian intervention and “responsibility to protect” concept.

关键词： humanitarian intervention use of force responsibility to protect

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Two Divergent Cases of Protracted humanitarian Aid Operations:The World Bank and UNRWA(1949-2017)

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Cultural and Religious Studies 2019年第5期7卷 227-250页

作者： Nitza Nachmias Towson University MarylandU.S.

The refugee convention of 1951^1 defined a refugee as“someone who is unable or unwilling to return to their country of origin owing to the well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race,religion,nationality membership in particular social group,or political opinion.”The convention also lays down basic minimum standards for the treatment of refugees,without prejudice to States granting more favorable treatment to *** rights include access to courts,to primary education,to work,and the provision for documentation,including refugee travel documents in passport forms”.None of these conditions have been applied to the Palestinian *** Israel’s war of independence in 1948-49,about 800,000 Palestinians became refugees mainly in Jordan,Syria,Lebanon,and Egypt,where their descendants still *** was created in 1949 as a“fire extinguisher”to provide the refugees in these four States with short-term survival ***’s original mandate was for three years,assuming that the refugees will soon be absorbed by the countries of their *** hope never materialized,and almost 70 years later,the third and fourth generation of Palestinians are still being considered by UNRWA as“refugees”.Our research shows that flows in UNRWA’s working principles have resulted in the prolonging of the problem,and the hindering of its resolution.A comparison with the World Bank’s assistance programs proves that UNRWA’s programs are clearly part of the problem and not part of the solution.

关键词： UNRWA(United Nations Relief and Work Agency for the Palestinian Refugees) Work Bank humanitarian Assistance Refugee Refugee ID card resettlement

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Invariance in the Seasonal Median Dates for Mono-Modal Monsoonal Rainfall Distribution over the Semi-Arid Ecotone of Sub-Saharan West Africa

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International Journal of Geosciences 2013年第6期4卷 1-7页

作者： Naraine Persaud Moustafa Elrashidi Xiaobo Zhou Xining Zhao Xiaoli Chen Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Iowa State University Ames USA Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg USA Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China Northwest A&F University Yangling China Natural Resources Conservation Service Lincoln USA

Seasonal distribution of mono-modal, monsoonal rainfall across the semi-arid ecotone of sub-Saharan of West Africa is highly variable and unpredictable. The ever-present risk of drought and crop failure in this environment often results in food shortages that are met by emergency food aid. humanitarian assistance planners would be better prepared for such interventions in a timely manner if they have reliable indicators that forewarn the impending failure of the rains. A good indicator would be a characteristic of the seasonal rainfall distribution that can be shown to be reasonably invariant over time and space. The objective of this study is to investigate whether such invariance existed for the seasonal median date (meaning the date when 50% of the seasonal total occurs). Such invariance is expected since the sun’s cyclic declination forces the advance and retreat of the Inter-tropical Front over West Africa. We examined the statistical properties of the seasonal median date for 1349 station-years of rainfall records for 30 rainfall stations in Burkina Faso and Niger with coordinates ranging from 9.88° to 18.5° north latitude and -4.77° to 13.2° longitude. The results showed that the median date was quite narrowly distributed over years with rather weak dependence on geographical coordinates. It can therefore be used as a reasonable ex-ante indicator of the success or failure of the rains as the rainy season progress.

关键词： Inter-Tropical Front Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone Semi-Arid Rainfall Prediction humanitarian Food Assistance Food Insecurity Semi-Arid Tropics Niger Burkina Faso

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The Nature of No-Fly Zones in International Relations

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Contemporary International Relations 2019年第3期29卷 68-85页

作者： Zhao Guangcheng the Institute of Middle Eastern Studies Northwest University the Center for Iranian Culture Studies of Xi’an International Studies University

A No-Fly Zone (NFZ) is a unique mode of humanitarian intervention that is understudied in international relations. This article focuses on the politics of NFZs in international relations, and investigates their nature by empirically reviewing all three cases of NFZs to date. NFZs represent a middle ground for international intervention which, both legally and legitimately, may be aimed at either protecting populations or promoting regime change in weak states, depending on the circumstances. There may be efforts by intervening states to highlight humanitarian crises among certain targets in order to secure UN authorization for the NFZs;but the implementation of NFZs is also largely driven by the security interests of the enforcing states. As a result, there is the potential for those states implementing NFZs to transcend legal authorization and to at times use excessive force, with the potential for calamitous results for local people, or, in extreme cases, to accomplish regime change by supporting opposition parties in target states.

关键词： No-Fly Zone humanitarian intervention international norm sovereignty

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The Appreciation of Works of the English Novel A Tale of Two Cities

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海外英语 2017年第5期 156-157+161页

作者：陈月红对外经贸大学英语学院

The English writer Charles Dickens’ novel A Tale of Two Cities was set at the time of the French Revolution, which concentrated on the description Marquis St. Evremonde’cruel rule, Dr Manette and Darnay’s wrong case and suffering encountered and Madame Defarge’s crazy vengeance. The novel also depicted the spectacular scenes the uprising people overthrow the Bastille Prison. It revealed the intensified social contradictions before Revolution, savaged the dissolute and evil of the nobility class, and deeply sympathized with people in affliction. Stood in the position of Humanism, the author against the cruel tyranny hold people down, also against the extreme violence the people uprising. The writer believed that revolutionary violence can not solve the underlying malaise, and proposed to resolve the social conflicts with humanism and kindness. The author didn’t recognize the historical limitations of Humanism. The industrial producers represented by Madame Defarge were long oppressed by the aristocracy, and it had formed irreconcilable contradiction between them. The proletariat wanted to change their position of being oppressed must overthrow the rule of the aristocracy and established the new corresponding production relations and law system. Meanwhile, Dickens’ s thought that tolerance, kindness and love could dissolve all kinds of sharp social contradictions had limitation on ideology.

关键词： social conflicts humanitarian limitations

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为什么不接受难民：韩国的情况

为什么不接受难民：韩国的情况

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作者： Heejeong Jee 浙江大学

学位级别：硕士

In 2020,more than 80 million people around the world have been forced to flee their homes and become *** number of war refugees is rapidly increasing as conflicts over power and border issues are intensifying around the *** who risk their lives to cross the border avoiding war,terrorism and poverty are not the only problem in neighboring *** recent events in Afghanistan and the war in Ukraine have forced the international community to become more concerned about *** countries have been attempting to solve the refugee *** European countries,which have historically taken in refugees,East Asian countries have continued to refuse to accept *** South Korea is the first Asian country to joined the Refugee Convention in 1992 and enacted a refugee law in 2012 that embodies the treatment and rights of refugees,the its recognition rate of refugees is the lowest among the G-20 countries,accounting for only *** this thesis,I will analyze the causes of the low refugee recognition rate and the limitations of the Korean refugee policy despite the active government interest in the Korean refugee issue(w.I argue that the following factors explain South Korea's limitation of the refugee policy: the government's attitude toward refugees,the negative perception of the Korean people through the government's public opinion creation,and the incomplete refugee *** joining the Refugee Convention in 1992,the South Korean government has been skeptical about ***,the public's perception of refugees has changed even more negatively due to fake news and public opinion against ***'s incomplete refugee system deprives many refugees of their right to life,leading to human rights *** examining South Korea's refugee policy,the thesis conducts a case study on the Yemeni refugees in Jeju Island in *** study makes contribution to the existing literature on refugees and migration,by e

关键词： Refugee Refugee policy humanitarian Refugee Acceptance Korea UNHCR

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