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Beyond Morality:Han Fei’s Unconventional Insights Into human nature

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Cultural and Religious Studies 2023年第12期11卷 611-615页

作者： ZHANG Wenhao China Foreign Affairs University BeijingChina

Han Fei presented a thought-provoking perspective on human nature and its implications for governance.Departing from traditional moral doctrines,Han Fei’s“non-moralistic”philosophy posited that human nature is inherently self-interested and driven by personal gain.In this paper,we explore Han Fei’s keen insights into human nature and its practical application in political governance.His emphasis on aligning political strategies with human inclinations,rather than relying solely on moral preaching,highlights the complexity and pragmatism of his approach.However,we also examine the limitations of his philosophy,particularly in disregarding individual differences and idealism.By striking a balance between political expediency and moral considerations,Han Fei’s ideas continue to resonate with contemporary discussions on governance and human behavior.This study calls for a reflective and cautious assessment of the implications of Han Fei’s“non-moralistic”thought in today’s society.

关键词： Han Fei non-moralism political primacy principle human nature political governance

The Origin and Differentiation of the Theories of human nature in Pre-Qin China

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Frontiers of Philosophy in China 2015年第2期10卷 212-238页

作者： GUO Yi Institute for Confucian Culture Qufu Normal University Qufu 273165 China

In early China, views concerning human nature underwent significant development, with philosophers moving from seeing it as desire or instinct to seeing it as virtue or essence. Before Confucius＇s time, human beings＇ xing, or nature, was construed as desire and instinct, i.e., as a physical nature. The key problem faced by theorists of human nature at that time was how to manage nature with virtue, i.e., how to use virtue to both control and enrich nature. A later, wide-reaching development was the use of qi to explain human nature. Laozi began, taking de or virtue to be the internal essence of the human being; Confucius took de or virtue to be xing or nature. Following this development, the main current of the theory of human nature in the pre-Qin period divided into two branches. One, created by the later Confucius, inherited in part by Zisi, and developed by Mencius, took virtue as nature and insisted on the a priority of internal morality. The other branch, inherited in part by Zisi and developed by the author of Xing Zi Ming Chu and Xunzi, featured the development of the old tradition which took yu, or desire, as nature.

关键词： human nature physical nature rational nature Pre-Qin China,Laozi Confucius

Beyond a Theory of human nature： Towards an Alternative Interpretation of Mencius＇ Ethics

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Frontiers of Philosophy in China 2014年第3期9卷 396-416页

作者： Hektor K. T. Yan Department of Public Policy City University of Hong Kong Kowloon Hong Kong SARChina

By following the Wittgensteinian view that the sense of an ethical term such as ＂nature＂（xing ＇~） should be understood through an examination of its function in its actual philosophical context, this article takes a look at the notion ofxing in the Mencius from an alternative perspective. Proceeding from this perspective, it re-examines the view that xing in the Mencius should be understood in biological terms. A discussion of xing in relation to the ＂Why be moral？＂ question follows. I then offer an alternative interpretation of Mencius＇ ethics by focusing on the meaning of the ethical particulars. Contrary to common perception, I argue that Mencius＇ theory of human nature （renxing）k ＇~） need not occupy a central place in his moral philosophy; the ultimate foundation of Mencius＇ moral philosophy lies in the meaning or sense of morality. Through participating in concrete, ethical thinking and by paying attention to the ethical particulars, human beings develop their grasp of moral and ethical meaning.

关键词： Mencius human nature xing Wittgenstein Prichard

human Rights Connotations and Its Legal Protection in the Harmonious Coexistence between humans and nature

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The Journal of human Rights 2023年第5期22卷 947-972页

作者：张璐 CHEN Feng(译) School of Economic Law East China University of Political Science and Law 不详

Promoting the unity of human nature and sociality in practice is a fundamental path dependence for achieving people's well-rounded development.Within the context of harmonious coexistence between humans and nature,the practice of the unity of human nature and sociality is allowed to be truly implemented,and people's well-rounded development moves from possibility to reality.Strengthening the protection of human rights for people's well-rounded development in the harmonious coexistence between humans and nature not only requires the expansion of the connotations of environmental rights from“the right to a healthy environment”to“the right to a beautiful environment”,but also necessitates the formation of a collaborative framework between environmental rights and development rights.For legal responses to the expansion of the connotations of environmental rights,it is necessary to implement such expansions in environmental legislation,enhance the underlying principles,and make progress in the development of systematic environmental legislation simultaneously.Regarding the legal promotion of the synergy between environmental rights and development rights,it is essential to follow the guidance of the“Two Mountains Theory,”take the coordinated functions of environmental and traditional legal departments as the basis,and build a legal mechanism for the realization of the value of ecological products and services.

关键词： human nature people's well-rounded development environmental rights development rights environmental law

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A Study of Dialogues about human nature in Lord of the Flies

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海外英语 2017年第11期 169-171页

作者：张晓花 Beijing Language and Culture University

Lord of the Flies is Golding’s most famous and representative novel,which contains many types of dialogues between the characters.Dialogue is a way to communicate and show one’s opinion on a certain topic,which reveals the characters’characteristics,ultimately the human nature.Based on Bakhtin’s three dialogic devices—the syncrisis,the anacrisis and the diatribe,this thesis analyses the dialogues between the characters in Lord of the Flies which reflect the end of innocence and the darkness of human nature.

关键词： Lord of the Flies Dialogues human nature

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On the Ancient Educational Thought under the Opposite View of human nature of the Pre-Qin Scholars--On its Value to Contemporary Higher Education

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Journal of Contemporary Educational Research 2020年第4期4卷 52-55页

作者： Zhichao Zhao Central University of Finance and Economics Beijing 100081China

The pre-qin Scholars’views on human nature could be divided into two types:malleable human nature and immalleable human nature.Based on the theory of the malleability of human nature,Confucianism formed an educational concept aiming at shaping the ideal personality of Confucianism.The theory of immutability of human nature has become the root of the two distinct educational concepts of Taoism,which advocates letting nature take its course,and Taoism,which aims at reforming human behavior.Either idea has its reasonableness.All of these have a very important impact on our higher education today.

关键词： The Pre-Qin scholars human nature Contemporary value

A Theory of a human-Centered Social Cognitive Chain

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Social Sciences in China 2022年第4期43卷 152-167页

作者： Yu Feng Xu Liying Peng Kaiping 邵亚楠 School of Philosophy Wuhan University School of Marxism Tsinghua University Department of Psychology Tsinghua University the School of Foreign Languages at Tianjin Chengjian University

The absence of anthropology from cognitive science may be related to the fact that the Western-dominated cognitive approach is not human-centered. From an anthropological perspective, we propose a possible social cognitive model—the human-centered social cognitive chain. It is a theory of the human cognitive process that includes two phenomena—anthropomorphism and dehumanization;has two directions—upward and downward;involves two dimensions—morality and competence;and produces two results—cuteness and coolness. It is a way for humans to understand the whole world with themselves as starting point and end point, governing social cognition. The human-centered social cognitive chain involves gods, humans, animals, plants, artificial objects, pure objects, and even abstract concepts, on the basis of which upward and downward anthropomorphism and upward and downward dehumanization arise. The existing research on anthropomorphism and dehumanization is slightly biased in that it only emphasizes upward anthropomorphism and downward dehumanization. Theoretically, both anthropomorphism and dehumanization should be twostage processes based on essentialism, but humans engaged in cognition tend to adopt a dimensional view that simplifies them. The morality-competence dichotomy reflects this tendency and results in the cognitive outcomes of cuteness, where morality is valued higher than competence and coolness, where competence is valued higher than morality. The humancentered social cognitive chain is the paradigm by which humans understand themselves, their culture, and the world.

关键词： dehumanization anthropomorphism morality human nature mind perception artificial intelligence

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The Recovery of human nature——On Wuthering Heights

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校园英语 2019年第22期 254-254页

作者：郑金金首都师范大学外国语学院

The Gothic mystery and horror atmosphere of Wuthering Heights make it to be one of the eeriest and the most elusive British novels in the history of English literature. In order to deeply interpret the unique structure of the novel and its corresponding construction of the theme, this paper intends to use the theory of defamiliarization narrative as the basis for interpretation.

关键词： Wuthering Heights defamiliarization narrative structure human nature

CHINESE NATURAL LAW TRADITION AND ITS MODERN APPLICATION： A RESPONSE TO HON. ROLLIN A. VAN BROEKHOVEN

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Frontiers of Law in China-Selected Publications from Chinese Universities 2018年第1期13卷 86-114页

作者： ZHANG Shoudong Law School China University of Political Science and Law Beijing China Associate Professor Law School China University of Political Science and Law Beijing 100088 China

This article is a response to Morality And Law In A Global Society： A Place For Natural Law Theory？ The first part is a summary and comments on Honorable Rollin A. Van Broekhoven＇s survey of the natural law tradition and its relevance to the analysis of the controversial U.S. Supreme Court decisions. Then it addresses Mencius and the Chinese natural law tradition based on the researches of Hu Shih and John C. H. Wu, and the affinity of the natural theories of Meneius and Thomas Aquinas are explored. The third part analyses the sensational case ofYu Huan （2017） from the point of view of natural law and takes it as an example of the relevance of natural law to the theory and practice of contemporary Chinese law.

关键词： natural law human nature Thomas Aquinas Mencius