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Enhance liquid nitrogen fracturing performance on hot dry rock by cyclic injection

Petroleum Science 2023年第2期20卷 951-972页

作者： Chun-Yang Hong Rui-Yue Yang Zhong-Wei Huang Xiao-Ying Zhuang Hai-Tao Wen Xiao-Li Hu State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of PetroleumBeijing102249China Chair of Computational Science and Simulation Technology Faculty of Mathematics and PhysicsLeibniz Universität HannoverHannover30167Germany

Producing complex fracture networks in a safe way plays a critical role in the hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal energy exploitation. However, conventional hydraulic fracturing (HF) generally produces high breakdown pressure and results only in single main fracture morphology. Furthermore, HF has also other problems such as the increased risk of seismic events and consuption of large amount of water. In this work, a new stimulation method based on cyclic soft stimulation (CSS) and liquid nitrogen (LN2) fracturing, known as cyclic LN2 fracturing is explored, which we believe has the potential to solve the above issues related to HF. The fracturing performances including breakdown pressure and fracture morphology on granites under true-triaxial stresses are investigated and compared with cyclic water fracturing. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM) tests and X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning tests were used for quantitative characterization of fracture parameters and to evaluate the cyclic LN2 fracturing performances. The results demonstrate that the cyclic LN2 fracturing results in reduced breakdown pressure, with between 21% and 67% lower pressure compared with using cyclic water fracturing. Cyclic LN2 fracturing tends to produce more complex and branched fractures, whereas cyclic water fracturing usually produces a single main fracture under a low number of cycles and pressure levels. Thermally-induced fractures mostly occur around the interfaces of different particles. This study shows the potential benefits of cyclic LN2 fracturing on HDR. It is expected to provide theoretical guidance for the cyclic LN2 fracturing application in HDR reservoirs.

关键词： hot dry rock Liquid nitrogen fracturing Cyclic injection Thermal stress Fatigue damage

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Capacity Allocation of Hybrid Power System with hot dry rock Geothermal Energy,Thermal Storage,and PV Based on Game Approaches

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2023年第1期11卷 290-301页

作者： Yang Si Laijun Chen Xuelin Zhang Xiaotao Chen Shengwei Mei Qinghai Key Lab of Efficient Utilization of Clean Energy(Tus-Institute for Renewable Energy) University of QinghaiXining 810016China State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power System and Power Generation Equipment(Electric Machinery Department Tsinghua University)Beijing 100084China Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Beijing 100190China IEEE

This study utilizes hot dry rock(HDR)geothermal energy,which is not affected by climate,to address the capacity allocation of photovoltaic(PV)-storage hybrid power systems(HPSs)in frigid plateau *** study replaces the conventional electrochemical energy storage system with a stable HDR plant assisted by a flexible thermal storage(TS)*** HPS consisting of an HDR plant,a TS plant,and a PV plant is *** approaches are introduced to establish the game pattern model of the proposed HPS as the *** annualized income of each player is used as the payoff ***,non-cooperative game and cooperative game approaches for capacity allocation are proposed according to the interests of each player in the proposed ***,the proposed model and approaches are validated by performing calculations for an HPS in the Gonghe Basin,Qinghai,China as a case *** results show that in the proposed non-cooperative game approach,the players focus only on the individual payoff and neglect the overall system *** proposed cooperative game approach for capacity allocation improves the flexibility of the HPS as well as the payoff of each game ***,the HPS can better satisfy the power fluctuation rate requirements of the grid and increase the equivalent firm capacity(EFC)of PV plants,which in turn indirectly guarantees the reliability of grid operation.

关键词： Capacity allocation equivalent firm capacity game theory hot dry rock hybrid power system

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A 3D analysis of the occurrence of fractures in hot dry rock reservoirs based on the spatial distribution of natural fractures

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Energy Geoscience 2023年第4期4卷 95-107页

作者： Siqing He Bo Feng Jinshou Zhu Xiyao Liu Shuantong ShangGuan Xiaofei Qi Jiulong Liu College of New Energy and Environment Jilin UniversityChangchun130021China Qinghai Bureau of Geological Survey Xining810001China The Second Exploration Team Hebei Bureau of Coal Geological ExplorationHebei Provincial Hot Dry Rock Research CenterXingtaiHebei054001China Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Survey China Geology SurveyTianjin300304China

hot dry rock(HDR)geothermal energy is a kind of widely distributed clean energy with huge ***,its commercial development has been constrained by reservoir *** the early stage of HDR geothermal energy development,properly determining spatial distribution patterns of natural fractures in HDR reservoirs can effectively guide reservoir *** study analyzes the spatial distribution of natural fractures by using FracMan software based on the actual geological data and log data of well M-2 in the Matouying Uplift area,Hebei *** fracture parameters are counted and Monte Carlo simulation technique is introduced to optimize the parameters,which makes the natural fracture model more accurate and ***,this study simulates hydraulic fracturing using the model combined with the actual in-situ stress parameters and the construction *** verified by fitting the changes in simulated wellhead pressure during hydraulic fracturing with the actual wellhead pressure data detected during construction,the methods for natural fracture modeling used in this study are scientific and *** preliminary prediction results show that the displacement design scheme with a pump displacement of 2.0-3.0 m^(3)/min,4.0-5.5 m^(3)/min and 6-7 m^(3)/min in the early,middle and late stages,respectively,has good fracturing *** results of this study can be utilized as a reference for preparing development schemes for HDR reservoirs.

关键词： Natural fracture hot dry rock Reservoir modeling

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Fracture Network Volume Fracturing Technology in High-temperature Hard Formation of hot dry rock

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2021年第6期95卷 1828-1834页

作者： CHEN Zuo XU Guoqing ZHOU Jian LIU Jiankun SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum Engineering Beijing 102206China

It is more difficult for a hot dry rock to form a fracture network system than shale due to its special lithology, physical and mechanical properties under high temperature. The essential characteristics, rock mechanics and in-situ stress characteristics of a hot rock mass have been systematically studied by means of laboratory tests and true tri-axial physical simulation. The fracture initiation and propagation characteristics under different geological and engineering conditions are physically simulated, and the main controlling factors for the formation of a complex fracture network are revealed. The technology of low displacement for enhancing thermal cracking, gel fluid for expanding fracture and variable displacement cyclic injection for increasing a fracture network has been applied in the field, and good results have been achieved. Microseismic monitoring results demonstrate that complex fractures were formed in the field test, and the stimulation volume for heat exchanging reaches more than 3 million cubic meters. The research results play an important role in the stimulation technology of an enhanced geothermal system(EGS) and realize a breakthrough for power generation.

关键词： hot dry rock granite fracture network natural fractures thermal cracking cyclic injection volume stimulation Gonghe Basin

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Micro-seismic Event Detection of hot dry rock based on the Gated Recurrent Unit Model and a Support Vector Machine

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2021年第6期95卷 1940-1947页

作者： SUN Feng HU Haotian ZHAO Fa YANG Xinran CHEN Zubin WU Haidong ZHANG Linyou College of Instrumentation&Electrical Engineering Jilin UniversityChangchun 130026China Key Lab of Geo-Exploration Instrumentation of Ministry of Education Jilin UniversityChangchun 130026China Center for Hydrogeological and Environment Geological Survey China Geological SurveyBaodingHebei 071000China

Micro-seismic monitoring is one of the most critical technologies that guide hydraulic fracturing in hot dry rock resource development. Micro-seismic monitoring requires high precision detection of micro-seismic events with a low signal-to-noise ratio. Because of this requirement, we propose a recurrent neural network model named gated recurrent unit and support vector machine(GRU;VM). The proposed model ensures high accuracy while reducing the parameter number and hardware requirement in the training process. Since micro-seismic events in hot dry rock produce large wave amplitudes and strong vibrations, it is difficult to reverse the onset of each individual event. In this study, we utilize a support vector machine(SVM) as a classifier to improve the micro-seismic event detection accuracy. To validate the methodology, we compare the simulation results of the short-term-average to the long-term-average(STA/LTA) method with GRU;VM method by using hot dry rock micro-seismic event data in Qinghai Province, China. Our proposed method has an accuracy of about 95% for identifying micro-seismic events with low signal-to-noise ratios. By ignoring smaller micro-seismic events, the detection procedure can be processed more efficiently, which is able to provide a real-time observation on the types of hydraulic fracturing in the reservoirs.

关键词： hot dry rock micro-seismic detection gated recurrent unit support vector machine

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Hydraulic Fracturing-induced Seismicity at the hot dry rock Site of the Gonghe Basin in China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2021年第6期95卷 1835-1843页

作者： CHEN Zubin ZHAO Fa SUN Feng LU Hao WANG Chunlu WU Haidong ZHOU Xiaohua College of Instrumentation&Electrical Engineering Jilin UniversityChangchun 130026China Key Lab of Geo-Exploration Instrumentation of the Ministry of Education Jilin UniversityChangchun 130026China Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology China Geological SurveyBaodingHebei 071000China

hot dry rock is becoming an important clean energy source. Enhanced geothermal systems(EGS) hold great promise for the potential to make a contribution to the energy inventory. However, one controversial issue associated with EGS is the impact of induced seismicity. In August 2019, a hydraulic stimulation experiment took place at the hot dry rock site of the Gonghe Basin in Qinghai, China. Earthquakes of different magnitudes of 2 or less occurred during the hydraulic stimulation. Correlations between hydraulic stimulation and seismic risk are still under discussion. Here, we analyze the hydraulic stimulation test and microseismic activity. We quantify the evolution of several parameters to explore the correlations between hydraulic stimulation and induced seismicity, including hydraulic parameters, microseismic events, bvalue and statistical forecasting of event magnitudes. The results show that large-magnitude microseismic events have an upward trend with an increase of the total fluid volume. The variation of the b-value with time indicates that the stimulation experiment induces small amounts of seismicity. Forecasted magnitudes of events can guide operational decisions with respect to induced seismicity during hydraulic fracturing operations, thus providing the basis for risk assessment of hot dry rock exploitation.

关键词： EGS hot dry rock hydraulic stimulation induced seismicity

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Progress on Heat Transfer in Fractures of hot dry rock Enhanced Geothermal System

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Energy Engineering 2021年第4期118卷 797-823页

作者： Yiya Wang Hailong Yu Shucheng Wu Li Liu Liuyang Huang Baozhong Zhu Yunlan Sun Enhai Liu School of Petroleum Engineering Changzhou UniversityChangzhouChina

hot dry rock(HDR)is the most potential renewable geothermal energy in the *** Geothermal System(EGS)is the most effective method for the development and utilization of HDR resources,and fractures are the main flow channels and one of the most important conditions for studying heat transfer process of ***,the heat transfer process and the heat transfer mechanism in fractures of EGS have been the hot spots of *** to the particularity of the mathematical models of heat transfer,research in this field has been at an exploratory stage,and its methods are mainly experimental tests and numerical *** paper introduces the progress on heat transfer in fractures of hot dry rock EGS in detail,provides a comparative analysis of the research results and prospects for future research directions:It is suggested that relevant scholars should further study the mathematical equations which are applicable to engineering construction of seepage heat transfer in irregular fractures of the rock mass,the unsteady heat transfer process between multiple fractures of the rock mass and the heat transfer mechanism of the complex three-dimensional models of EGS.

关键词： hot dry rock seepage heat transfer mathematical equations numerical simulation fractures

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A thermal stress loading technique for large-sized hot dry rock mechanical tests

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Deep Underground Science and Engineering 2024年第3期3卷 326-337页

作者： Huiling Ci Bing Bai Hongwu Lei Yan Zou Jianfeng Liu State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Institute of Rock and Soil MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina University of Chinese Academy of Sciences BeijingChina State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering Sichuan UniversityChengduChina

Testing of large-sized specimens is becoming increasingly important in deep underground rock mechanics and *** traditional mechanical loading,stresses on large-sized specimens are achieved by large host frames and hydraulic pumps,which could lead to great ***-cost testing machines clearly always have great *** this study,a new approach is proposed using thermal expansion stress to load rock specimens,which may be particularly suitable for tests of deep hot dry rock with high *** is a different technical route from traditional mechanical loading through hydraulic *** the rock mechanics test system of hot dry rock that already has an investment in heating systems,this technology may reduce the cost of the loading subsystem by fully utilizing the temperature *** paper presents the basic principle and a typical design of this technical *** feasibility analysis is then conducted based on numerical *** some technical details still need to be resolved,the feasibility of this loading approach has been preliminarily confirmed.

关键词： deep rock engineering high-temperature and high-stress conditions hot dry rock large-sized model test thermal stress loading

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Lessons learned from hydrothermal to hot dry rock exploration and production

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Energy Geoscience 2023年第4期4卷 59-70页

作者： Shu Jiang Kai Zhang Joseph Moore John McLennan Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources Ministry of EducationChina University of Geosciences(Wuhan)WuhanHubei430074China Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology of Petroleum Exploration and Development in Hubei Province WuhanHubei430074China School of Earth Resources China University of Geosciences(Wuhan)WuhanHubei430074China Energy&Geoscience Institute University of UtahSalt Lake City84108USA

In this paper,we investigate geothermal exploration and production in 189 hydrothermal projects and 42 hot dry rock projects around the *** hydrothermal fields for a working hydrothermal system to generate electricity should have the elements of heat source,water-saturated porous or fractured reservoir,caprock,heat transfer pathway,and good heat preservation condition and geothermal power energy intensity of 10-20 MW per km^(2)within at least 5 km^(2)area in tectonically active *** hot water or steam flow rate in this hydrothermal system is normally larger than 40 L/s with temperature of 150℃or *** power generated from enhanced geothermal system(EGS)in hot dry rock projects are generally less than 2 MW because the flow rate in most cases is much less than 40 L/s even with the hydraulic fractures using the modern stimulation technology learned from the oil and gas *** natural fracture in the subsurface is generally beneficial to the hydraulic fracturing and heat recovery in the hot dry ***,the hydraulic fracture parameters,injection rate and well spacing,drilling strategy should be properly designed to avoid the short-circuit between injector and producer and low heat *** the future,CO^(2)enhanced geothermal recovery associated with CO^(2)sequestration in the high temperature oil,gas,and geothermal fields maybe a good *** the other hand,both nearreal-time seismic monitoring to limit the pumping rate and the closed-loop of the Eavor-Loop style system without hydraulic fracture can contribute greatly to heat recovery of hot dry rocks and mitigate the risks of the hydraulic fracturing induced ***,the hybrid solar and geothermal system performs better than the stand-alone geothermal system.

关键词： Geothermal lessons Hydrothermal system hot dry rock Hydraulic fracturing Enhanced geothermal recovery Closed-loop

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The first power generation test of hot dry rock resources exploration and production demonstration project in the Gonghe Basin,Qinghai Province,China

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China Geology 2022年第3期5卷 372-382页

作者： Er-yong Zhang Dong-guang Wen Gui-ling Wang Wei-de Yan Wen-shi Wang Cheng-ming Ye Xu-feng Li Huang Wang Xian-chun Tang Wei Weng Kuan Li Chong-yuan Zhang Ming-xing Liang Hong-bao Luo Han-yue Hu Wei Zhang Sen-qi Zhang Xian-peng Jin Hai-dong Wu Lin-you Zhang Qing-da Feng Jing-yu Xie Dan Wang Yun-chao He Yue-wei Wang Zu-bin Chen Zheng-pu Cheng Wei-feng Luo Yi Yang Hao Zhang En-lai Zha Yu-lie Gong Yu Zheng Chang-sheng Jiang Sheng-sheng Zhang Xue Niu Hui Zhang Li-sha Hu Gui-lin Zhu Wen-hao Xu Zhao-xuan Niu Li Yang Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Survey China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesBaoding 071051China Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesChina Geological SurveyShijiazhuang 050061China Department of Natural Resources of Qinghai Province Xining 810001China Institute of Exploration Techniques Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesChina Geological SurveyLangfang 065000China Department of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100037China Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences China Geological SurveyBeijing 100037China Beijing Institute of Exploration Engineering China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100083China Institute of Geomechanics Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesChina Geological SurveyBeijing 100081China Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesChina Geological SurveyLangfang 065000China Institute of Exploration Technology Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesChina Geological SurveyChengdu 611734China Geoscience Documentation Center China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100083China Jilin University Changchun 130012China Oil and Gas Survey China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100083China Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510640China Institute of Geophysics China Earthquake AdministrationBeijing 100081China Institute of the Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology of Qinghai Xining 810008China

hot dry rock(HDR)is a kind of clean energy with significant *** the 1970s,the United States,Japan,France,Australia,and other countries have attempted to conduct several HDR development research projects to extract thermal energy by breaking through key ***,up to now,the development of HDR is still in the research,development,and demonstration *** HDR exploration borehole(with 236℃ at a depth of 3705 m)was drilled into Triassic granite in the Gonghe Basin in northwest China in ***,China Geological Survey(CGS)launched the HDR resources exploration and production demonstration project in *** three years of efforts,a sequence of significant technological breakthroughs have been made,including the genetic model of deep heat sources,directional drilling and well completion in high-temperature hard rock,large-scale reservoir stimulation,reservoir characterization,and productivity evaluation,reservoir connectivity and flow circulation,efficient thermoelectric conversion,monitoring,and geological risk assessment,*** the whole-process technological system for HDR exploration and production has been preliminarily established *** first power generation test was completed in November *** results of this project will provide scientific support for HDR development and utilization in the future.

关键词： hot dry rock Directional drilling Reservoir stimulation Microseismic monitoring Organic Rankine cycle(ORC) Power generation test Energy geological survey engineering Gonghe Basin Qinghai Province China

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