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history of cupping(Hijama):a narrative review of literature

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Journal of Integrative Medicine 2017年第3期15卷 172-181页

作者： Naseem Akhtar Qureshi Gazzaffi Ibrahim Ali Tamer Shaban Abushanab Ahmed Tawfik El-Olemy Meshari Saleh Alqaed Ibrahim S. EI-Subai Abdullah M.N. AI-Bedah National Center of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Ministry of Health Riyadh 11662 Saudi Arabia

Cupping （Hijama in Arabic） is an ancient, holistic method for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Though the exact origin of cupping therapy is a matter of controversy, its use has been documented in early Egyptian and Chinese medical practices. Diverse human civilizations have contributed to the historical development and continuation of cupping therapy. This narrative review describes the history of cupping, historical definitions, cupping instruments and uses of cupping therapy. Electronic searches of relevant databases （PubMed, Google Scholar and OvidSP） were conducted using keywords and Boolean operators. Manual searches and references of published articles and books were also conducted. A number of articles （N = 625） were retained for extensive review, and finally 83 articles were included in this paper. The historical descriptions of cupping therapy were found in ancient human civilizations of the Eastern and Western world. There were inconsistent data concerning the origin of cupping, definitions, instruments, procedures, definite advancements and research in Hijama over centuries. Cupping therapy fell out of favor in 17th and mid-18th centuries but recovered popularity in modem medicine. Currently, cupping therapy is used for health promotion, prophylaxis and treatment of a variety of diseases around the world. Cupping therapy with a good safety profile has a checkered history and is a well-recognized traditional method for managing medical conditions. Currently, the scope of cupping therapy is expanding, and a growing body of research is providing additional evidence-based data for the further advancement of cupping therapy in the treatment of a variety of diseases.

关键词： cupping history review

history, current status, and prospects of soybean production and research in sub-Saharan Africa

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The Crop Journal 2018年第3期6卷 226-235页

作者： Dalia Mohamedkheir Khojely Seifeldin Elrayah Ibrahim Enoch Sapey Tianfu Han MOA Key Lab of Soybean Biology (Beijing) Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Gezira Research Station Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC) Oil Palm Breeding and Genetics CSIR-Oil Palm Research Institute

Soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr.) is a non-native and non-staple crop in sub-Saharan Africa(SSA) with potential to be a commercial crop owing to its wide range of uses as food, feed,and industrial raw material. Soybean was first introduced to SSA by Chinese traders in the19 th century and was cultivated as an economic crop as early as 1903 in South Africa. In the past four decades, soybean cultivation area and production in SSA has increased exponentially, from about 20,000 ha and 13,000 t in the early 1970 s to 1,500,000 ha and2,300,000 t in 2016. Soybean yield has been stagnant in SSA for decades at about 1.1 t ha^(-1),much lower than the world average, representing one of the most challenging issues in the soybean industry in SSA. The low soybean yield in SSA can be attributed to the use of poorperforming varieties and to the limited application of fertilizers and rhizobial inoculants in soils with no history of soybean production. South Africa, Nigeria, Zambia, and Uganda are the leading soybean producers in SSA. Soybean research in SSA is conducted by international and national research institutions, including IITA, national soybean improvement programs, universities, and the private sector. Between 1970 and 2011, 195 soybean varieties were released by IITA, private breeders, and national soybean improvement programs in SSA. This paper reviews the history and current state of soybean production and of the utilization and adoption of tropical varieties in SSA, addresses the major soybean yield-limiting factors across the region, and discusses the potential of the soybean industry in SSA. It also highlights soybean improvement efforts and lessons learned from previous soybean improvement efforts and the current progress of some national soybean improvement programs in SSA. Opportunities for scaling up tropical soybean as a major crop across SSA countries are promising.

关键词： Soybean Sub-Saharan Africa(SSA) history Current status Prospects

history and development of laboratory animal science in Sri Lanka

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Animal Models and Experimental Medicine 2018年第1期1卷 3-6页

作者： Mangala Gunatilake Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine University of Colombo

The Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo(UCFM), is the forerunner in the laboratory animal science(LAS) field in Sri Lanka. Here laboratory animals such as rats, frogs and rabbits were used in medical education to demonstrate physiological principles in the early 1950 s. The establishment of the first animal house in 1969 at UCFM better facilitated the use of laboratory animals in medical education and research. By 2006, lack of ethical guide lines was an issue and a set of ethical guidelines was developed and published in 2009, which today are followed by researchers and reviewers in many universities and research institutions in the country. With this development, there was a need for an organized system of education for the LAS discipline. This was fulfilled by conducting the first certificate course on LAS in the Asian region in 2011 in collaboration with the Utrecht University,Netherlands. The Sri Lanka Association for LAS has continued LAS education since its establishment in 2012 at UCFM by conducting workshops and short courses.

关键词： history laboratory animal science LAS education SLALAS Sri Lanka UCFM

Origins and history of autoimmunity—A brief review

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Rheumatology & Autoimmunity 2023年第1期3卷 9-14页

作者： Haseeb Ahsan Department of Biochemistry Faculty of DentistryJamia Millia IslamiaJamia NagarNew DelhiIndia

It was not widely recognized,until the 1950s,that an immune response could be developed not only against“foreign”but also“self”antigens from the studies of chronic thyroiditis leading to the acceptance of autoimmune diseases.Paul Ehrlich coined the term“horror autotoxicus”to emphasize the pathogenesis of autoimmunity and how the immune system distinguishes“foreign”from“self”.The process led to the concept of immune tolerance.The discoveries of allergy and anaphylaxis were the first signs that the immune system was capable of self-damage.The first autoantibodies were discovered in the 1940s,when antinuclear antibodies and rheumatoid factors were described as serum factors that could bind nuclear antigens and immunoglobulins,respectively.It has now becoming increasingly understandable that autoantibodies play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several diseases and mediate systemic inflammation and tissue injury.The purpose of this review article is to elucidate,explain,and emphasize the origins and history of autoimmunity.

关键词： autoimmunity history immunity

A Formative history of Integrative Medicine in Hong Kong

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Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 2019年第6期25卷 403-408页

作者： YU Edwin Chau-leung BIAN Zhao-xiang Hong Kong Association for Integration of Chinese-Western Medicine Hong Kong Baptist University

With Chinese medicine (CM) deeply rooted in Hong Kong's Chinese culture, empirical practice of CM has been the norm since the early days of Hong Kong, China. Western medicine (WM) had its humble beginnings in Hong Kong in the form of established services for colonial government staff;WM was subsequently extended to the Chinese population through missionary efforts. The scourge of the plague pestilenee in 1894 gave WM an advantage whence enforeed laws and regulations and the swing to scientific philosophy set a trend that snowballed WM dominance.

关键词： Formative history Integrative Medicine Hong Kong

A history of standardization in the English translation of traditional Chinese medicine terminology

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Journal of Integrative Medicine 2017年第5期15卷 344-350页

作者： Xiao Ye Hong-xia Zhang College of Humanities and Social Sciences Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Confucius Institute University of Coimbra Faculty of Education East China Normal University

In order to facilitate and propose further international standardization of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） terminology, this article applies methods of historiography, philology and descriptive study to divide the history of TCM into three phases, based on representative experts and social events; to illustrate different aspects of these experts and their translation principles and standards and to discuss associated factors and inherent problems. The authors find that the development of a terminology standard for TCM has generally progressed from early approaches that were ill-suited to the contemporary needs to culturally and professionally referenced approaches, from uncoordinated research to systematic studies, and from individual works to collaborative endeavors. The present international standards of TCM terminology have been attained through the work of numerous scholars and experts in the history of the field. The authors are optimistic that a more comprehensive and recognized standard will come out soon.

关键词： standardization terminology English translation history medicine, Chinese traditional

Food and Drug:A New Direction in the history of Medicine in China

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中医药文化(英文) 2023年第3期6卷 265-271页

作者： Angela Ki Che Leung Chair Professor of history Joseph Needham-Philip Mao Professor in Chinese HistoryScienceand CivilizationHong Kong Institute for the Humanities and Social SciencesThe University of Hong KongHong Kong 518057China

1 Objects and their histories: unraveling the “black box”The history of object is a burgeoning field in contemporary historical studies. An object, like a “black box,” contains rich information that holds the secret code for knowledge construction. Object is a multifaceted being, consisting of aspects like technology, institution, human–object relationship, and human–nature interaction. Medicine and food inform sophisticated questions about society and ideology.

关键词： knowledge holds history

Enduring the Flavors of history and the"Salt"of Literature——Four Highlights from the Symposium on Food Is Heaven

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Frontiers of Literary Studies in China-Selected Publications from Chinese Universities 2023年第3期17卷 302-310页

作者： Chen Zeyu China Writers Association Beijing 100013China

Since its publication,Food Is Heaven燕食记has attracted a large readership.According to the publisher,the book has been reprinted six times over the past six months,spreading nearly a hundred thousand copies,each imbued with the flavors of Lingnan(an area south of the Five Ridges in China),to every corner of the world.Many food enthusiasts and readers from all over the world have rediscovered their fondest memories of food through it,describing the work as“delicious"and“invigorating,”while relishing in the lingering notes it leaves behind and their profound implication.

关键词： Heaven has history

history of Chinese Medicinal Wine

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Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 2013年第7期19卷 549-555页

作者：夏循礼 School of Basic Medical Sciences Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine School of Life Science and Technology Huazhong University of Science and Technology

Chinese medicinal wine is one type of a favorable food-drug product invented by Chinese ancestors for treating and preventing diseases, promoting people＇s health and corporeity, and enriching people＇s restorative culture. In the course of development of the millenary-old Chinese civilization, Chinese medicinal wine has made incessant progress and evolution. In different historical periods, Chinese medicinal wine presented different characteristics in basic wine medical applications, prescriptions, etc. There are many medical and Materia Medica monographs which have systemically and specifically reported on Chinese medicinal wine in past Chinese dynasties. By studying leading medical documents, this article made an outline review on the invention, development, and characteristics of Chinese medicinal wine.

关键词： history Chinese medicinal wine medical documents review