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Historical Course Follows Climate Change: Patterns of the Northern hemisphere — From Peoples’ Migration until the Industrial Revolution (3<sup>rd</sup>-18<sup>th</sup>Century)

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Open Journal of Geology 2018年第13期8卷 1167-1194页

作者： Werner Schneider Elias Salameh Technical University of Braunschweig Braunschweig Germany University of Jordan Amman Jordan

This paper relates to the statement that the so-called “Little Ice Age” (RCC 6: 1.350-1.800 A.D.) represents—besides the 8k-Event (8.200-8.000 yr cal. B.P.)—the fastest and strongest onset in Holocene History [1]. Its intention focuses on the correlation of interplaying natural processes (i.e. solar energy variation, aerosols, oceanic currents, volcanism as part of plate tectonics, heat flow) with social/political evidence through the time-span of Peoples’ Migration until Industrial Revolution (3rd-18th Century). The time-span comprises the cool/wet/respectively dry climate phase of the P.M. (260-550), a Climate Optimum (600-1.100 A.D.) owning a final Thermal Maximum (1.100-1.260 A.D.) and the “little Ice Age” (1.350-1.800 A.D.), the latter intercalated by the Spörer Minimum (1.460-1.550 A.D.) and the Maunder Minimum (1.650-1.720 A.D.). Thereby, an average temperature difference of 1.0°C - 2.0°C seems sufficient for incising climatic/cultural consequences [2]. It has become obvious that a Climate Optimum primarily provides constructive life conditions;however with a problematic final as the following “Effect-Chain” tells: balanced agricultural/cultural population growth → rich harvests → satisfying nourishment → health, encouragement → overpopulation under favorable materialistic conditions → increasing stress → lack of food, high prices → revolts → migration. In contrast, cool/wet/resp. dry conditions originate destructive/depressive conditions (see Peoples’ Migration) which initiate the following “Effect Chain”: bad agricultural conditions → poor/no harvesting → famine → disease, growing death rate → social, political revolts, wars → human cruelties with psychic/religious background (inquisition, witch-combustion → general chaos (30 yr-war) → death, migration (maritime endeavors, colonization). Furthermore, it should be stressed that volcanic aerosols play besides the solar influx variation—an important role on climate/cultural change [3]. However, the effects of oceanic currents’ heat flow of Mi

关键词： Little Ice Age Climate-Change Social/Political Concern Psychic/Spiritual Implication Volcanism Plate Tectonics Peoples’ Migration Northern hemisphere Natural/Cultural Effect-Chains Science Criticism

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What Controls Recent Changes in the Circulation of the Southern hemisphere: Polar Stratospheric or Equatorial Surface Temperatures?

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2013年第4期3卷 497-509页

作者： Isidoro Orlanski Atmospheric and Ocean Science Program Princeton University Princeton USA

Recent research suggests that both tropical ocean warming and stratospheric temperature anomalies due to ozone depletion have led to a poleward displacement of the midand high-latitude circulation of the Southern hemisphere over the past century. In this study, we attempt to distinguish the influences of ocean warming and stratospheric cooling trends on seasonal changes of both the zonally symmetric and asymmetric components of the southern hemisphere circulation. Our analysis makes use of three data sets-the ERA40 reanalysis and results from two different runs of the GFDL global atmosphere and land model (AM2.1) for the period 1870 to 2004. A regression analysis was applied to two variables in each of the three data sets-the zonal component of the surface wind U(10 m) and the height at 300 hPa—to determine their correlation with zonally averaged polar stratospheric temperatures (T_polar—at 150 hPa, averaged over a band from 70S - 80S) and low-level equatorial temperatures (T_equator—at 850 hPa averaged over a band at 5S - 5N). Our analysis shows that the zonally symmetric surface winds have a considerably enhanced intensity in high latitudes of the southern hemisphere over the summer period, and that the stratospheric temperature trend, and thus ozone depletion, is the dominant contributor to that change. However, the climatic change of the asymmetric component of zonal wind component at z = 10 m (U10) as well as of 300hPa heights has been found to be large for both summer and winter periods. Our regression results show that correlation with T_equator (our proxy for global warming) explains most of the climatic changes for the asymmetric component of U10 and 300 hPa heights for summer and winter periods, suggesting the influence of warming of the global oceans on anticyclones south of the Indian Ocean and south-eastern Pacific Ocean.

关键词： Southern hemisphere Changes Ozone Depletion Ocean Warming Poleward Stormtrack

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Eolian evidence from the Chinese Loess Plateau: the onset of the Late Cenozoic Great Glaciation in the Northern hemisphere and Qinghai-Xizang Plateau uplift forcing

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Science China Earth Sciences 1999年第3期42卷 258-271页

作者：安芷生王苏民吴锡浩陈明扬孙东怀刘秀铭王富葆李力孙有斌周卫健周杰刘晓东鹿化煜张云翔董光荣强小科

On the basis of a newly-constructed record of magnetic susceptibility （SUS） and the depositional rate change of eolian loess-red clay sequences in the last 7.2 Ma BP from the Loess Plateau, together with a comparison of a record of δ18O values from the equatorial East Pacific Ocean and eolian Quartz flux variations from the North Pacific Ocean, the evolutionary process of the Late Cenozoic Great Glaciation in the Northern hemisphere can be divided into three stages: the arrival stage around 7.2—3.4 Ma BP, the initial stage at about 3.4—2.6 Ma BP, and the Great Ice Age since 2.6 Ma BP. The evolution of the East Asian monsoon is characterized by paired winter and summer monsoons, and it is basically composed of the initial stage of weak winter and summer monsoons, the transitional stage of simuhaneous increase in intensity of winter and summer monsoons, and the prevailing stage of strong winter and weak summer monsoons, or weak winter and strong summer monsoons. The Late Cenozoic global tectonic

关键词： Late Cenozoic eolian deposits of Loess Plateau Great Glaciation in the Northern hemisphere East Asian monsoon evolution Qinghai-Xizang Plateau uplift.

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INTERACTION BETWEEN SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND POLAR ICE IN NORTHERN hemisphere

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1987年第5期32卷 330-335页

作者：方之芳 Chengdu Institute of Meteorologyhe polar sea-ice plays a striking role in the interaction of sea-air in high latitudes. Recently meteorologists investigated the influence of polar ice on the atmospheric circulation and weather in some regions. The results show that the polar ice has evident local action and affects the atmospheric circulation and weather in mid-latitudes and even in the other hemisphere. However the polar ice itself results from the variation of the atmospheric

The polar sea-ice plays a striking role in the interaction of sea-air in high latitudes. Recently, meteorologists investigated the influence of polar ice on the atmospheric circulation and weather in some regions. The results show that the polar ice has evident local action and affects the atmospheric circulation and weather in mid-latitudes and even in the other hemisphere. However, the polar ice itself results from the variation of the

关键词： polar weather winter striking evident hemisphere seasonal Northwest subtropical Polar

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AN EXPERIMENTAL SIMULATION OF SUMMER GENERAL CIRCULATION OVER ASIA WITH THE EFFECT OF CROSS-EQUATORIAL CURRENT FROM SOUTHERN hemisphere

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1984年第2期29卷 220-223页

作者：陈瑞荣 Institute of Atmospheric Physics Academia Sinica Beijing

Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION In recent years, many synoptic facts show that the effect of cross-equatorial current from one hemisphere to the other on the general circulation is very important. In summer, such effect on the formation of Asian monsoon circulation over West Indian Ocean (Somali Jet) is obvious. In this paper, by use of simulation in a rotating annulus experiment, the effect of the cross-equatorial current as a

关键词： equatorial monsoon Indian hemisphere rotating Plateau OVER Tibetan facts rainfall

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Motor rehabilitation of aphasic stroke patient:the possibility of Rood's approach

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Neural Regeneration Research 2023年第3期18卷 551-551页

作者： Poonam Chaturvedi Anuradha Kalani Lovely Professional University PunjabIndia Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University KanpurIndia

Aphasia is an acquired neurogenic language disorder that makes patients unable to comprehend or formulate language.Along with language impairment,patients suffering from aphasia face difficulties in reading,writing,and expressing themselves.The causes of aphasia are stroke,trauma,brain tumors,infections,and injury,particularly to the left hemisphere.About 20%of acute stroke cases in the world account for aphasia.Aphasia is categorized into:non-fluent and fluent forms.Non-fluent is further classified based on language and comprehension into:1)Broca’s aphasia,2)transcortical motor aphasia,3)global aphasia,and 4)transcortical mixed aphasia.

关键词： acute expressing hemisphere

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Paired associated magnetic stimulation promotes neural repair in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke

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Neural Regeneration Research 2020年第11期15卷 2047-2056页

作者： Bei-Yao Gao Cheng-Cheng Sun Guo-Hua Xia Shao-Ting Zhou Ye Zhang Ye-Ran Mao Pei-Le Liu Ya Zheng Dan Zhao Xu-Tong Li Janie Xu Dong-Sheng Xu Yu-Long Bai Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Huashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina Rehabilitation Section Department of Spine SurgeryTongji HospitalMedical School of Tongji UniversityShanghaiChina Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA Department of Neurology Minhang Hospital Affiliated to Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina Brownell Talbot School OmahaNEUSA

Paired associative stimulation has been used in stroke patients as an innovative recovery treatment.However,the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effectiveness of paired associative stimulation on neurological function remain unclear.In this study,rats were randomly divided into middle cerebral occlusion model(MCAO)and paired associated magnetic stimulation(PAMS)groups.The MCAO rat model was produced by middle cerebral artery embolization.The PAMS group received PAMS on days 3 to 20 post MCAO.The MCAO group received sham stimulation,three times every week.Within 18 days after ischemia,rats were subjected to behavioral experiments—the foot-fault test,the balance beam walking test,and the ladder walking test.Balance ability was improved on days 15 and 17,and the footfault rate was less in their affected limb on day 15 in the PAMS group compared with the MCAO group.Western blot assay showed that the expression levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor,glutamate receptor 2/3,postsynaptic density protein 95 and synapsin-1 were significantly increased in the PAMS group compared with the MCAO group in the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex on day 21.Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed that regional brain activities in the sensorimotor cortex were increased in the ipsilateral hemisphere,but decreased in the contralateral hemisphere on day 20.By finite element simulation,the electric field distribution showed a higher intensity,of approximately 0.4 A/m^2,in the ischemic cortex compared with the contralateral cortex in the template.Together,our findings show that PAMS upregulates neuroplasticity-related proteins,increases regional brain activity,and promotes functional recovery in the affected sensorimotor cortex in the rat MCAO model.The experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Fudan University,China(approval No.201802173 S)on March 3,2018.

关键词： brain-derived neurotrophic factor finite element simulation glutamate receptor ipsilateral hemisphere paired associative stimulation PSD95 resting-state functional MRI stroke synapsin I transcranial magnetic stimulation

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A HOMOGENOUS-EQUILIBRIUM-MODEL BASED NUMERICAL CODE FOR CAVITATION FLOWS AND EVALUATION BY COMPUTATION CASES

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2008年第2期20卷 186-194页

作者： CHEN Ying LU Chuan-jing Department of Engineering Mechanics Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai 200240 China

A computer code, ELANEX, including several Homogenous-Equilibrium-Model （HEM） type cavitation models, were developed, to numerically simulate natural cavitation phenomena. The effectiveness of the code was checked by cavitation flows around the disk and cylinder body for a wide range of different cavitation numbers. Cavity profiles were compared with the analytic solution of disk and empirical formulae fitted from the experiment data, and contrast between different cavitation models were fulfilled as well. The cavity length and maximal cavity diameter were found to agree well with the analytic solutions, and detailed cavity profiles were in accordance with the experimental formula. Comparison with the hemisphere headed cylinder body presented a good agreement of the pressure coefficient with the experiment data. Reasonable drag-force coefficient variation and drag-force reduction effect were obtained.

关键词： cavitation numerical code disk hemisphere cavity profile pressure coefficient

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More complex interactions:Continuing progress in understanding the dynamics of regional climate change under a warming climate

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The Innovation 2023年第2期4卷 17-18页

作者： Ping Huang Xiao-Tong Zheng Xichen Li Kaiming Hu Zhen-Qiang Zhou Center for Monsoon System Research Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences(ICCES) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Institute of Atmospheric Sciences Fudan UniversityShanghai 200438China

Our planet experienced a number of extreme climate events in 2022,including extreme summer heat in the northern hemisphere,droughts in China and Brazil,and floods in Pakistan,South Africa,and Australia.Persistent global warming is believed to be the key factor in these extreme climate events,which were rare in past decades.Understanding the physical dynamics of regional climate change is essential if we are to reliably project such events in a warmer climate.

关键词： warming floods hemisphere

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PRINCIPAL MODES OF THE SOUTH PACIFIC SSTA IN JUNE, JULY AND AUGUST AND THEIR RELATIONS TO ENSO AND SAM

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Journal of Tropical Meteorology 2013年第2期19卷 154-161页

作者：孙密娜管兆勇张蓬勃曹舒娅 Ministry-Province Co-founded Key Laboratory for Meteorological Disasters Nanjing University ofInformation Science & Technology (NUIST) Tianjin MeteorologicalAdministration Nanjing Municipal Meteorological Bureau Jiangsu Meteorological Administration

The relationships of variations of sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) in the South Pacificwith ENSO and Southern hemisphere Annular Mode (SAM) are examined in the present article byemploying the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis from 1951 to 2006. Two principal modes of South Pacific SSTA areobtained using the EOF (Empirical Orthogonal Function) analysis for austral winter (June, July and August).Our results suggest that EOF1 is closely related with ENSO and EOF2 links to SAM. The EOF1 varieslargely on an interannual and EOF2 on a decadal scale. The time series of coefficients of EOF1 is highlycorrelated simultaneously with Nino3 index. However, the time series of coefficients of EOF2 issignificantly correlated with the March-April-May mean SAM index. Both the EOF1 and EOF2 are found insignificant correlation to summer precipitation over China. With higher-than-normal SSTs in the easternSouth Pacific and simultaneously lower SSTs in the western South Pacific in June-July-August, thesummertime rainfall is found to be less than normal in northern China. As displayed in EOF2 of SSTA, inyears with lower-than-normal SSTs in mid-latitude southern and equatorial eastern Pacific andhigher-than-normal SSTs in the equatorial middle Pacific in March-April-May, the summer precipitation inAugust tends to be more than normal in regions south of Yangtze River.

关键词： SSTA ENSO Southern hemisphere Annular Mode South Pacific austral winter

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