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Integrated Behavior of Carbon and Copper Alloy heat Sink Under Different heat loads and Cooling Conditions

Plasma Science and Technology 2005年第4期7卷 2923-2925页

作者：李化李建刚陈俊浚胡建生 Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031China

An actively water-cooled limiter has been designed for the long pulse operation of an HT-7 device, by adopting an integrated structure-doped graphite and a copper alloy heat sink with a super carbon sheet serving as a compliant layer between them. The behaviors of the integrated structure were evaluated in an electron beam facility under different heat loads and cooling conditions. The surface temperature and bulk temperature distribution were carefully measured by optical pyrometers and thermocouples under a steady state heat flux of 1 to 5 MW/m^2 and a water flow rate of 3 m^3/h, 4.5 m^3/h and 6 m^3/h, respectively. It was found that the surface temperature increased rapidly with the heat flux rising, but decreased only slightly with the water flow rate rising. The surface temperature reached approximately 1200℃ at 5 MW/m^2 of heat flux and 6 m^3/h of water flow. The primary experimental results indicate that the integrated design meets the requirements for the heat expelling capacity of the HT-7 device. A set of numerical simulations was also completed, whose outcome was in good accord with the experimental results.

关键词： HT-7 tokamak carbon and copper alloy heat sink heat loads cooling conditions numerical simulation

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Demystifying energy savings from dynamic temperature setpoints under weather and occupancy variability

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Energy and Built Environment 2024年第6期5卷 878-888页

作者： Riccardo Talami Ilyas Dawoodjee Ali Ghahramani Department of the Built Environment National University of SingaporeSingapore 117566

Building temperature setpoints affect both HVAC energy consumption and occupant *** reduce HVAC energy usage,researchers often investigate how system operations can be optimized under weather and occupancy variability subject to a fixed setpoint that minimizes any possible *** previous research has explored the selection of dynamic setpoints to minimize HVAC energy consumption based on outdoor temperature,they have often neglected the impact of varying occupancy rates on the *** paper aims to demystify energy savings derived from fixed and dynamic temperature setpoints under weather and occupancy variability and explores the additional energy savings that can be achieved through dynamic temperature *** exhaustive HVAC zone temperature setpoint optimizer was developed to determine dynamic setpoints with respect to weather and occupancy(i.e.,setpoints that minimize HVAC energy consumption at different occupancy rates based on outdoor weather).*** reference building energy models for small,medium,and large office buildings were simulated at 17 climate zones,4 occupancy rates(25%,50%,75%,100%)and 7 setpoints(19.5℃to 25.5℃at 1℃interval).It was found that,both fixed and dynamic setpoints benefit from the energy reduction of approximately 2-4%from the lower heat generated by the occupants at lower occupancy ***,at outdoor temperatures between 5℃and 32℃where occupant heat loads can swing the building between heating,free-running,and cooling modes,dynamic setpoints yield additional 2-10%energy savings,compared to fixed setpoints.

关键词： Decarbonization Smart buildings Optimization Occupancy heat loads

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On Offshore Fire Safety Research

On Offshore Fire Safety Research

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2003火灾科学与消防工程国际学术会议

作者： PEDERSEN Kjell Schmidt Norwegian Fire Research Laboratory Ltd. （NBL） S1NTEF 7465 Trondheim Norway

＜正＞ Some important results from offshore fire safety research concerning fire characteristics and mitigation in Norway during the last 15 years have been in troduced.

关键词： offshore oil production fire safety heat loads fire mitigation prediction models

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