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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2012年第1期29卷 54-62页

作者： LIU Qinyan Ruixin HUANG WANG Dongxiao State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography South China Sea Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510301 Deptartment of Physical Oceanography Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods HoleMassachusetts 02543USA

In this study the interannual variability of the upper-ocean heat content in the South China Sea （SCS） was revisited using simple ocean data assimilation （SODA） combined with objective analyzed data sets that included the horizontal and vertical structures. The results confirmed that the upper-ocean heat content in the SCS is lower than normal during the mature phase of E1 Nifio events, and two super E1 Nifio events, 1982/1983 and 1997/1998 were also included. The variability of the heat content was consistent with the variability of the dynamic height anomalies. The SCS throughflow （SCSTF） plays an important role in regulating the interannual variability of the heat content, especially during the mature phase of E1 Nifio events.

关键词： heat content South China Sea throughflow

Relationship between oceanic heat content and sea surface height on interannual time scale

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2012年第6期30卷 1026-1032页

作者：张林林孙澈胡敦欣 Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves Chinese Academy of Sciences

The relationship between heat content and the interannual time scale is examined with satellite sea surface height （SSH） in the global ocean on altimeter measurements, historical hydrography, and model assimilation outputs. Results show that correlation between altimetric SSH and heat content in the upper 700 m calculated from Ishii data is geographically nonuniform. In the tropical ocean, heat content and SSH are strongly correlated and exhibit nearly the same interannual variations. In the polar ocean, their correlation is relatively weak. Further analysis with Simple Ocean Data Assimilation outputs shows that such nonuniform distribution is not from dynamical origin but from the limited integral depth selected to calculate heat content. The integral depth of 700 m is inadequate to capture variation of the deep main thermocline in the polar region. The halosteric effect also contributes to the nonuniform pattern of correlation, because saline contraction becomes significant in the polar ocean owing to low temperature.

关键词： heat content sea surface height (SSH) interannual variation correlation

INTERANNUAL VARIATION IN heat content OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC WARM POOL AND ITS EFFECT ON EASTERN ASIAN CLIMATE ANOMALIES

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Journal of Tropical Meteorology 2015年第3期21卷 246-254页

作者：卢楚翰黄露何金海秦育婧 Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology

Using the 1980-2010 winter GODAS oceanic assimilations, study is conducted of the winter heat content(HC) established in the subsurface layer(5 to 366 m in depth) over the western Pacific warm pool(WP), followed by investigating the HC spatiotemporal characteristics, persistence and the impacts on the climate anomalies of neighboring regions. Results are as follows: 1) the pattern of integral consistency is uncovered by the leading EOF1(PC1) mode of HC interannual variability, the year-to-year fluctuation of the time coefficients being well indicative of the interannual anomaly of the WP winter subsurface-layer thermal regime. The HC variation is bound up with El Ni觡o-Southern Oscillation, keeping pronounced autocorrelation during the following two seasons and more, with the persistence being more stable in comparison to sea surface temperature anomaly in the equatorial middle eastern Pacific; 2) the winter HC anomalies produce lasting effect on the WP thermal state in the following spring and summer and corresponding changes in the warm water volume lead to the meridional transport and vertical exchange of warm water, which exerts greater impacts upon the sea surface temperature/heat flux over the warm pool per se and neighboring regions, especially in the Philippine Sea during the posterior spring and summer; 3) the increase in the winter HC corresponds to the spring outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) decrease and richer precipitation over the waters east to the Philippine Sea and the resultant convective heating anomalies are responsible for the rise of geopotential isobaric surfaces over tropical and subtropical western North Pacific, thereby producing effect on the western Pacific subtropical high(anomaly). Subsequently, the sea-surface heat flux exchange is intensified in the warm pool, a robust anomalous cyclone shows up at lower levels, air-sea interactions are enhanced and abnormal convective heating occurs, together making the winter HC anomalies even more c

关键词： heat content warm pool of the western Pacific subsurface spring barrier anomaly of eastern-Asian climate

Spatial and temporal variability of heat content above the thermocline in the tropical Pacific Ocean

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2003年第2期22卷 179-190页

作者： Pu Shuzhen, Yu Fei, Hu Xiaomin, Chen Xingrong First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061,China, First Institute of Oceanography State Oceanic Administration Qingdao 266061 China

heat content of the upper layer above the 20℃ isotherm in the tropical Pacific Ocean isestimated by using the sea temperature data set with a resolution 2°latitude×5°longitude (1980-1993) for the water depths (every 10 m) from 0 m to 400 m, and its temporal and spatial variabilities are analyzed. (1) The temporal variability indicates that the total heat in the upper layer of the equatorial Pacific Ocean is characterized by the interannual variability. The time series of the equatorial heat anomaly 5 months lead that of the El Nino index at the best positive lag correlation between the two, and the former 13 months lag behind the latter at their best negative lag correlation. Therefore the equatorial heat content can be used as a better predictor than the El Nino index for a warm or cold event. In addition, it is also found that less heat anomaly in the equator corresponds to the stronger warm events in the period (1980- 1993) and much more heat was accumulated in the 4 years including 1992/1993 ENSO (1989-1993) than the 4 years including 1982/1983 ENSO (1980-1983); (2) The spatial variability indicates that the area with the highest lag correlation among the grids moves in an anti-clockwise circle in the northern tropical Pacific Ocean within 4 years period and in a clockwise circle in the southern tropical Pacific Ocean. This result provides scientific evidence for the quasi - cycle theory of El Nino events.

关键词： heat content ENSO tropical Pacific Ocean

Interannual　and　Interdecadal　Variations　in　heat　content　of　the　Upper　Ocean　of　the　South　China　Sea

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 1997年第2期14卷 148-153页

作者：何有海关翠华甘子钧 South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences

The vertically averaged temperature (TAV) from surface to 100 m depth of the South China Sea for the period 1959-1988 is analyzed. The results indicate that there is a significant long-term variability from interannual to interdecadal scales in the heat content in the upper ocean. The heat content of the upper ocean of the South China Sea increases evidently in the El Nino year. TAV anomaly in the ocean was negative from the end of 1950's to early 1970's, and then changed to positive. The changes of TAV of the ocean are closely related to ENSO events, the Asian winter monsoon and the tropical atmospheric circulation anomalies.

关键词： heat content Interannual variability Interdecadal variability

Variation of upper-ocean heat content in the Canada Basin in summers of 2003 and 2008

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Advances in Polar Science 2011年第4期22卷 235-245页

作者： ZHONG Wenli ZHAO Jinping College of Physical and Environmental Oceanography Ocean University of China Qingdao 266100 China Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography Ministry of Education Qingdao 266003 China

Conductivity, temperature, and depth data collected during the summers of 2003 and 2008 were used to study upper-ocean （top 200 m） heat content in the Canada Basin. The variation of heat content with depth, heat content differences between the summers, principal driving factors, and horizontal spatial scale differences were analyzed. A catastrophic reduction of sea ice cover in the Canada Basin was evident in 2008 by comparison with 2003, suggesting that more solar radiation was absorbed in the upper ocean during the summer of 2008. The sea ice reduction produced more freshwater in the upper ocean. Thus, seawater properties changed. The study shows that the huge reduction of sea ice would result in two changes-widespread warming of the upper ocean, and the depth of Pacific inflow water in the basin increased substantially. Near-surface temperature maximum （NSTM） water was also analyzed as an indicator of Arctic Ocean warming.

关键词： heat content freshwater content NSTM melting sea ice Pacific inflow water

THE INTERANNUAL AND DECADAL VARIABILITY OF PRECIPITATION FOR YUNNAN PROVINCE IN RAINY SEASON AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH TROPICAL UPPER LAYER TEAT content

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Journal of Tropical Meteorology 2003年第2期9卷 164-172页

作者：郑春怡黄菲普贵明 Meteorological Observatory of Yunnan Province Kunming 650034 China Department of Marine Meteorology Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China

Based on the monthly precipitation data of 126 observation stations from 1961 to 2000 in Yunnan Province, the interannual and decadal variability of precipitation in rainy seasons are studied by using wavelet analysis. It is shown that there is a 2-6 year oscillation at the interannual time scales and a quasi-30 year oscillation at the decadal time scales. These periodic oscillations relate to the distribution of tropical heat content. When the precipitation is much more (less) than normal, the upper seawater is colder (warmer) in almost all the tropical Indian Ocean, and warmer (colder) in the western Pacific as well as colder (warmer) in the eastern Pacific. The key areas of the anomaly heat content distribution that have significant correlation to the Yunnan precipitation in rainy season are in the southern hemispheric Indian Ocean with a dipole pattern in the winter as well as in the deep basin of the South China Sea (SCS) before the Yunnan rainy season begins. Therefore, the anomalous distributions of the heat content in the southern Indian Ocean and the SCS In winter are good indicators for predicting drought or flood in Yunnan Province in the following rainy season.

关键词： rainy season precipitation in Yunnan Province interannual and decadal variability tropical oceans heat content

Temporal variability of vertical heat flux in the Makarov Basin during the ice camp observation in summer 2010

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2015年第11期34卷 118-125页

作者： GUO Guijun SHI Jiuxin JIAO Yutian College of Physical and Environmental Oceanography Ocean University of China Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography Ministry of Education

Based on hydrographic data obtained at an ice camp deployed in the Makarov Basin by the 4th Chinese Arctic Research Expedition in August of 2010, temporal variability of vertical heat flux in the upper ocean of the Makarov Basin is investigated together with its impacts on sea ice melt and evolution of heat content in the remnant of winter mixed layer （rWML）. The upper ocean of the Makarov Basin under sea ice is vertically stratified. Oceanic heat flux from mixed layer （ML） to ice evolves in three stages as a response to air temperature changes, fluctuating from 12.4 W/m2 to the maximum 43.6 W/m2. The heat transferred upward from ML can support （0.7＋0.3） cm/d ice melt rate on average, and daily variability of melt rate agrees well with the observed results. Downward heat flux from ML across the base of ML is much less, only 0.87 W/m2, due to enhanced stratification in the seasonal halocline under ML caused by sea ice melt, indicating that increasing solar heat entering summer ML is mainly used to melt sea ice, with a small proportion transferred downward and stored in the rWML. heat flux from ML into rWML changes in two phases caused by abrupt air cooling with a day lag. Meanwhile, upward heat flux from Atlantic water （AW） across the base of rWML, even though obstructed by the cold halocline layer （CHL）, reaches 0.18 W/m2 on average with no obvious changing pattern and is also trapped by the rWML. Upward heat flux from deep AW is higher than generally supposed value near 0, as the existence of rWML enlarges the temperature gradient between surface water and CHL. Acting as a reservoir of heat transferred from both ML and AW, the increasing heat content of rWML can delay the onset of sea ice freezing.

关键词： sea ice heat flux remnant of winter mixed layer heat content Makarov Basin

Seasonal variations of air-sea heat fluxes and sea surface temperature in the northwestern Pacific marginal seas

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2014年第3期33卷 101-110页

作者： LIU Na WU Dexing LIN Xiaopei MENG Qingjia Key Laboratory of Research on Marine Hazards Forecasting National Marine Environmental Forecasting CenterState Oceanic Administration LASG Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Physical Oceanography Laboratory Ocean University of China State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences

Using a net surface heat flux （Qnet） product obtained from the objectively analyzed air-sea fluxes （OAFlux） project and the international satellite cloud climatology project （ISCCP）, and temperature from the simple ocean data assimilation （SODA）, the seasonal variations of the air-sea heat fluxes in the northwestern Pa cific marginal seas （NPMS） and their roles in sea surface temperature （SST） seasonality are studied. The seasonal variations of Qnet, which is generally determined by the seasonal cycle of latent heat flux （LH）, are in response to the advection-induced changes of SST over the Kuroshio and its extension. Two dynamic regimes are identified in the NPMS： one is the area along the Kuroshio and its extension, and the other is the area outside the Kuroshio. The oceanic thermal advection dominates the variations of SST and hence the sea-air humidity plays a primary role and explains the maximum heat losing along the Kuroshio. The heat transported by the Kuroshio leads to a longer period of heat losing over the Kuroshio and its Extension. Positive anomaly of heat content corresponds with the maximum heat loss along the Kuroshio. The oceanic advection controls the variations of heat content and hence the surface heat flux. This study will help us understand the mechanism controlling variations of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system in the NPMS. In the Kuroshio region, the ocean current controls the ocean temperature along the main stream of the Ku roshio, and at the same time, forces the air-sea fluxes.

关键词： heat flux seasonal variations Kuroshio heat content

An approach to prediction of the South China Sea summer monsoon onset

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2008年第4期26卷 421-424页

作者：胡敦欣于乐江 Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Wave Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Wave Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Science Polar Research Institute of China

In the present paper, correlation between the South China Sea summer monsoon （SCSSM） onset and heat content in the upper layer of the warm pool in the western Pacific Ocean is examined using the Scripps Institution of Oceanography dataset for the period of 1955-1998 and an approach to prediction the SCSSM onset is proposed. Correlation showes that there exists interdecadal variability of the SCSSM onset demarcated by 1970 with the largest correlation coefficient in the area west of the center of the warm pool rather than near its centers, implying certain effect from other factors involved besides ENSO. As the correlation is poor for the period before 1970, the heat content anomaly of the warm pool after 1970 is used to indicate early or late onset of the SCSSM beforehand. An ideal representative area （1°×1°） for the warm pool heat content was determined with its center at 3°N/138°E. The nearest TAO （TAO-Tropical Atmosphere Ocean-array） mooring to the center is at 2°N/137°E, and chosen to calculate the heat content for prediction. It is suggested that the TAO mooring at 2°N/137°E could be used to predict the SCSSM onset with the heat content in the upper layer, if the correlation between the SCSSM onset and the heat content of the warm pool runs like that of after 1970. On the other hand, if the situation does like the one before 1970, the representative station is determined at 13°S/74°E with relatively poor correlation, meaning that the warm pool in the western Pacific Ocean plays more important role in the SCSSM onset than the Indian Ocean.

关键词： South China Sea Summer Monsoon warm pool heat content