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Between Religious Obligation and health security:Saudi Hajj Governance Under COVID-19

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Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies 2022年第1期16卷 1-16页

作者： Song Niu Xueyan Li Middle East Studies Institute Shanghai International Studies UniversityShanghaiChina

Hajj is one of the‘Five Pillars’in ***,the large-scale cross-border movement of pilgrims around the world poses huge challenges over health *** Hajj governance is not only a need to maintain health security,but also to a large extent the sharia considerations related to the prerequisites for *** recent years,Saudi Arabia has gained rich experience in dealing with the challenges of SARS,MERS and other infectious diseases on *** the spread of the COVID-19 to Mecca in February 2020,Saudi Arabia has been facing serious *** on domestic and global epidemic prevention considerations,the Saudi government finally introduced the new policy on 2020 Hajj,which for the first time halted the Hajj of overseas Muslims,and only selected a very limited number of pilgrims within Saudi territory to perform *** actually balances three major structural contradictions between maintaining health security and fighting the epidemic,and to a certain extent ensuring the rights of Muslims around the *** the easing of the epidemic in Saudi Arabia in 2021,how to ensure that the Hajj can be performed in 2021 under the COVID-19 has aroused great attention from the international *** the current review,Saudi new Hajj policy in 2020 has achieved due *** Arabia continued the scaled-down Hajj policy in 2021 due to the constant mutations of the *** formation of Saudi Hajj policy under COVID-19 directly comes from the rich experience of Saudi Arabia in effectively maintaining the Hajj health security during the spread of different global epidemics,and fundamentally rooted in the hygiene and cleanliness within the Islamic civilisation.

关键词： Religious obligation health security COVID-19 hajj Saudi Arabia

Lessons for Epidemic Emergency Policy: A Scoping Review of Ebola and COVID-19 Pandemics in Africa

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health 2023年第7期15卷 814-837页

作者： Sam Agatre Okuonzi Arua Regional Referral Hospital Ministry of Health Arua Uganda

Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreaks in Central and West Africa 2013-2020 were the deadliest, most intense and most widely spread. On top of this, the novel Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has given us all a new experience. It is imperative to draw lessons to prepare for future disease outbreaks. This was a scoping review, a method that allows the assessment of emerging evidence. The objectives of the review were to 1) describe the manifestation of the epidemics;2) elaborate on the social and economic effects;3) characterize the responses;and 4) draw lessons. The findings show that Ebola risk is permanent and even increasing. The next COVID-19 epidemic is around the corner. For Africa, the situation has been made worse by poverty and fragility of institutions. Africa’s incapacity to manufacture its own vaccines, medicines, diagnostics and protective wear has been detrimental in the management of epidemics. The need for personal and home hygiene has been emphatically brought to attention. The trust in the government and other agencies is the cornerstone in the management of emergencies. The use of armed soldiers should be discouraged, for they scare people from seeking help. It is much better to use trusted local leaders instead of strangers during pandemic emergencies. Understanding the local politics without getting involved in them is essential. It is critical to understand community and individual perception of the risk of the disease in question. Often neglected is the psycho-social aspect, which should be planned early. The science of response measures ought to be explained simply and transparently, as part of risk communication. Emergency funds should be raised, and made easy and quick to disburse. Mechanisms of sharing health technologies and knowledge need to be devised under the UN. People centeredness ought to guide the conduct of trans-border movements and all transactions during pandemics.

关键词： COVID-19 Ebola Emergency Response Policy health security Global Cooperation

Right to health or the Human Right of Access to Essential healthcare

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Journal of Philosophy Study 2013年第6期3卷 529-537页

作者： Nader Ghotbi Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights refers to the human right to health and well-being including medical care, but for the majority of people whom are not covered by health insurance this is better said than done. Ensuring the access of all citizens to the needed medical care requires the provision of health insurance coverage to a population pool and gradually expanding the pool to the whole nation. The ethical perspective of pooling resources across various groups of people with different levels of income and different health risks associated with age, genetics, and lifestyle, may raise the issue of individual autonomy versus social solidarity. Governmental, social, private, and community-based healthcare coverage have been used in different countries with varying details in the sources of funding, pooling of contributions, and the purchase of the covered healthcare services; these models have had varying levels of success depending on not only the availability of funds, but also on the political commitment of the state and the social solidarity and cultural attitude of the population towards universal healthcare. Therefore, universal healthcare requires not only a certain level of economic development, but also a strong sense of solidarity among the people as well as a political commitment in their government. I argue that the statement regarding the right to health, well-being, and medical care needs to be rethought, and instead universal access to essential healthcare should be regarded as a basic human right.

关键词： health insurance health security healthcare access human rights social solidarity universal healthcoverage

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福利制度因素对国民幸福感影响的研究

从有到优：医疗保障制度高质量发展内涵与路径

社会保障制度 2016年第9期

作者：彭华民孙维颖

福利制度安排的终极目标是提升社会成员的福祉(wellbeing)。福祉包括幸福感(good feeling)。本研究设计了自变量安全福利制度(收入安全与健康安全)和机会福利制度(城乡户籍)，因变量幸福感。对四个年度CGSS数据进行分析后发现：国民幸... 详细信息

福利制度安排的终极目标是提升社会成员的福祉(wellbeing)。福祉包括幸福感(good feeling)。本研究设计了自变量安全福利制度(收入安全与健康安全)和机会福利制度(城乡户籍)，因变量幸福感。对四个年度CGSS数据进行分析后发现：国民幸福感与两种福利制度因素之间有显著关系；国民的福利获得存在显著城乡差异；获得城镇机会福利的居民相比农村机会福利获得居民有更高的幸福感。城镇机会福利获得人群的福利诉求点更倾向于健康安全福利。拥有城镇机会福利但若没有享受国家提供的收入安全和健康安全福利，其幸福感的受影响程度仅仅略高于农村机会福利获得人群。当把拥有城镇机会福利但没有享受安全福利人群的幸福感均值与拥有农村机会福利但接受安全福利的人群的幸福感均值相比时，城乡机会福利类型的影响被削弱，国家提供的收入安全和健康安全福利对幸福感的影响则凸现出来。

关键词：幸福感福利制度安全福利医疗保险养老保险户籍 wellbeing welfare institution security welfare health security old security household registration

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社会保障制度 2020年第11期

作者：仇雨临王昭茜

历经20余年的发展，我国医疗保障制度建设实现了从无到有，但仍需要继续深化改革，实现高质量发展，推进医疗保障从有到优。立足于全民医保制度在覆盖面、制度体系、保障待遇、管理经办等方面取得的成就和面临的困境，医疗保障高质量发... 详细信息

历经20余年的发展，我国医疗保障制度建设实现了从无到有，但仍需要继续深化改革，实现高质量发展，推进医疗保障从有到优。立足于全民医保制度在覆盖面、制度体系、保障待遇、管理经办等方面取得的成就和面临的困境，医疗保障高质量发展意味着从以数量扩张为主的制度初建设阶段向以质量提升为主的效率优化阶段转型，表现在医疗保障制度理念目标的坚守与创新、结构内容的优化配置和责任主体的合作共赢等方面。实现医疗保障高质量发展需要在筹资与待遇调整机制、多层次医疗保障体系、多元化医保支付方式、高品质医保经办服务、医保治理能力与治理体系现代化等方面做出完善和突破。

关键词：医疗保障高质量发展从有到优 health security high-quality development from being to better

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新就业形态劳动者医疗保险类型选择研究