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Geochemical characteristics of hadal sediment in the northern Yap Trench

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2020年第3期38卷 650-664页

作者： HUANG Yuhuan SUN Chengjun YANG Guipeng YUE Xin’an JIANG Fenghua CAO Wei YIN Xiaofei GUO Chaonan NIU Jiaohong DING Haibing Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology/Ministry of Education Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-environmental Science and Technology Marine Bioresource and Environment Research CenterFirst Institute of OceanographyMinistry of Natural ResourcesQingdao 266061China College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Laboratory Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao 266237China Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology Qingdao 266100China South China Sea Environment Monitoring Center State Oceanic AdministrationGuangzhou 510300China

Two sediment cores were retrieved in the hadal zone of the Yap Trench,and their concentrations of six major elements Mg,Al,Ca,Ti,Mn and Fe and nine trace elements Sr,Ba,Pb,V,Cr,Co,Ni,Cu and Zn were determined in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES).According to the vertical distribution profiles of the 15 elements,the correlation of their concentrations,the ratios of Ni/Co,V/Cr,Fe/Al,and Ti/Al,and morphological characteristics of the sediment samples,the implications of the depositional environment and the sediment provenance were *** results show that the ratio of Ni/Co in all depths of the two sediment cores were below 5,and the ratio of V/Cr were lower than 2,indicating that the depositional environment of the hadal zone in the trench was oxidative and might have inflow of the Antarctic bottom oxygen-rich *** sediment samples on the eastern side of the trench were siliceous mud mainly composed of diatoms,radiolarian,and sponge needles from surface to deep *** vertical profile of the elements,the concentration of TOC and the fossil record indicated that the sediment sample from station Dive113 was well mixed from surface to bottom *** on the correlation of concentrations of the elements,the morphological characteristics of the sediment,and the ratios of Fe/Al and Ti/Al,we inferred that the sediment in the hadal zone of the trench had terrestrial,volcanic,biological,and authigenic *** source of the sediment in the eastern side of the trench were terrestrial;whereas the sediment in the western side of the trench received more volcaniclastic input.

关键词： Yap Trench hadal zone Jiaolong Submersible sediment metal elements sedimentary environment

Distribution characteristics of lipids in hadal sediment in the Yap Trench

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2020年第3期38卷 634-649页

作者： YAN Yixin SUN Chengjun HUANG Yuhuan CAO Wei JIANG Fenghua YANG Guipeng DING Haibing Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-environmental Science and Technology Marine Bioresource and Environment Research CenterFirst Institute of OceanographyMinistry of Natural ResourcesQingdao 266061China Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao 266237China Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology Qingdao 266100China

In this study,cored sediment samples collected by the Jiaolong Submersible at 6779 m depth from the hadal zone of the Yap Trench in May 2016 were sliced in 1-cm interval from top to bottom,and lipids in each sediment layer were quantitatively and qualitatively *** vertical distribution profiles of the lipids in the sediment sample,their main existing forms,and their possible sources were *** results show that the concentration of lipid in the surface sediment was the highest with the carbon number from 12 to 27,dominated by medium and short-chain *** total concentration of fatty acids in surface sediment was much higher than those in the offshore and deep-sea areas,being up to 325.77μg/g due to the funnel effect caused by the“V”terrain of the *** acid 18:0 was the most abundant lipids in the sediment *** high concentrations of fatty acid 18:1ω7 and alkanes indicated the existence of hydrothermal fluids in the study *** addition,saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids existed mainly in free form,and polyunsaturated fatty acids existed mainly in bound *** of the alkanes were in bound form,and their major source was autochthounous *** carbon number of alcohols in the sediment sample ranged from 12 to 20,mainly existed in bound *** source of fatty acids was mainly autochthonous input,and the neutral lipids had both marine and terrestrial *** is the first study of lipids in hadal sediment of the Yap *** results will promote deeper understanding of organic carbon cycle in marine environment.

关键词： hadal zone the Yap Trench lipids fatty acids sediment

Water characteristics of abyssal and hadal zones in the southern Yap Trench observed with the submersible Jiaolong

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2020年第3期38卷 593-605页

作者： LIU Xuehai LIU Yongzhi CAO Wei SUN Chengjun First Institute of Oceanography Ministry of Natural ResourcesQingdao 266061China Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)Qingdao 266237China Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling Ministry of Natural ResourcesQingdao 266061China

Using observations in an applied cruise of the submersible Jiaolong,water characteristics,geostrophic transport,and turbulent mixing in abyssal and hadal zones of the southern Yap Trench were *** spatial structures of deep water show that the abyssal water is cold,saline,and oxygen *** hadal water has very small changes in potential temperature and potential density,and a little decrease in salinity and obvious decrease in *** isotherm,isopycnal,and isohaline are depressed in abyss over the central *** turbulent mixing is enhanced in the near-bottom zone and the hadal water on the trench slope,especially at the steep slope,the dissipation rate and diffusivity is strong,which weakens the *** geostrophic flows move southward in the western region of the trench and northward in the eastern region,indicating cyclonic *** the central region of the trench,the water transport is^1.74 Sv *** the hadal zone,the northward and southward transports are *** analysis suggests that the abyssal water in the southern Yap Trench is from Lower Circumpolar Water(LCPW)and the hadal water seems to be of the isolated local water rather than LCPW.

关键词： Yap Trench abyssal and hadal the submersible Jiaolong diapycnal mixing geostrophic flows

Vertical variations of dissolved carbohydrates in the North Yap Trench

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2020年第3期38卷 606-618页

作者： GUO Chaonan SUN Chengjun YANG Guipeng ZHANG Honghai CHEN Yan YIN Xiaofei JIANG Fenghua HUANG Yuhuan NIU Jiaohong DING Haibing Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology Ministry of Education Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-environmental Science and Technology Marine Bioresource and Environment Research CenterFirst Institute of OceanographyMinistry of Natural ResourcesQingdao 266061China College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Laboratory Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao 266237China Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology Qingdao 266100China

The concentrations of dissolved monosaccharides(MCHO),polysaccharides(PCHO),and total carbohydrates(TCHO)in the seawater samples collected from the north of the Yap Trench in the western Pacific Ocean were measured by 2,4,6-tripyridine-s-triazine(TPTZ)spectrophotometry *** results show that the concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO ranged from 4.6 to 22.1μmol C/L,3.5 to 27.3μmol C/L,and 13.8 to 36.3μmol C/L,*** different sampling stations,the concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO with water depth showed complex variation *** the study area,the maximum concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO occurred in the euphotic layer and the minimum concentrations occurred in mesopelagic seawater ***,the concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO decreased with water depth from the euphotic layer to the hadal *** average value of PCHO/TCHO was higher than the average value of MCHO/TCHO,indicating that PCHO was the main component of TCHO in north of the Yap Trench.

关键词： Yap Trench abyss hadal zone monosaccharide polysaccharide

Comparison of sedimentary organic carbon loading in the Yap Trench and other marine environments

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2020年第3期38卷 619-633页

作者： LI Dong ZHAO Jun LIU Chenggang SUN Chengjun CHEN Jianfang PAN Jianming HAN Zhengbing HU Ji Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry State Oceanic AdministrationSecond Institute of OceanographyMinistry of Natural ResourcesHangzhou 310012China Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-environmental Science and Technology Marine Bioresource and Environment Research CenterFirst Institute of OceanographyMinistry of Natural ResourcesQingdao 266061China

Knowledge about organic carbon loadings(ratio of sedimentary organic carbon(SOC)content to specific surface area(SSA))and the fate of organic carbon(OC)is critical to understand the marine carbon *** investigated the variations in the patterns of OC loadings and the preservation capacities of sedimentary OC in the Yap Trench and other marine *** average OC loading in sediment cores from various marine environments decreases with increasing water depth at a rate of^0.06 mg OC/(m^2·km)(R^2=0.23,Phadal trenches are much lower than those of other environments,and only approximately 30%of the SOC deposited in hadal trenches is finally *** value is equivalent to 0.066%of the primary production-derived OC and much lower than the global ocean average(~0.3%).Overall,the hadal zone exhibits the lowest OC loading and preservation capacity of SOC of the different marine environments investigated,despite the occurrence of a notable funneling effect.

关键词： Yap Trench hadal zone organic carbon loading specifi csurface area preservation capacity

An Overview of Submersible Research and Development in China

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Journal of Marine Science and Application 2018年第4期17卷 459-470页

作者： Weicheng Cui Shanghai Engineering Research Center of hadal Science and Technology Shanghai Ocean University

Given the recent success in the development of several submersibles in China, people's interest in the history of submersible development is increasing. This paper presents the history of submersible development in China, which can be briefly divided into three periods. The first one is the early period of hardship(1971–2000). Many prototype submersibles of HOVs, ROVs, and AUVs were developed at this time, but the main achievement was the establishment of special research organizations and the training of research and development personnel. The second period can be regarded as the quick development period(2001–2015). All currently used submersibles were developed during this period. The most remarkable achievement was the successful development of 7000 m-deep manned submersible "Jiaolong." The third period aims to develop 11 000 m submersibles for challenging the full ocean depth(2016–2020). In this period, two unmanned submersibles and two manned submersibles will be the significant indicators of achievement. If this 5-year plan can be successfully completed, China can play a significant role in the investigation of the deepest part of the oceans, namely, the hadal trenches(6500–11 000 m).

关键词： hadal trenches Submersibles Deep tow system Lander Glider Autonomous and remotely operated vehicle(ARV) Human-occupied vehicle(HOV) Full ocean depth(FOD)